<html><body><div style="color:#000; background-color:#fff; font-family:times new roman, new york, times, serif;font-size:12pt"><div><var id="yui-ie-cursor"></var>The US Army concluded in a 1993 <a title="Aberdeen Proving Ground" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_Proving_Ground" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Aberdeen Proving Ground</a>
study that pepper spray could cause "[m]utagenic effects, carcinogenic
effects, sensitization, cardiovascular and pulmonary toxicity,
neurotoxicity, as well as possible human fatalities. There is a risk in
using this product on a large and varied population".<sup id="yiv1646096946cite_ref-8" class="yiv1646096946reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepper_spray#cite_note-8" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup>
However, the pepper spray was widely approved in the US despite the
reservations of the US military scientists after it passed FBI tests in
1991. As of 1999, it was in use by more than 2000 public safety
agencies.<sup id="yiv1646096946cite_ref-9" class="yiv1646096946reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepper_spray#cite_note-9" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup></div><blockquote style="padding-left: 5px; margin-top: 5px; margin-left: 5px; border-left-color: rgb(16, 16, 255); border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid;"><div style="font-family: times new roman, new york, times, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><div style="font-family: times new roman, new york, times, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><div id="yiv1646096946">
<div style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);"><b>The head of the FBI's Less-Than-Lethal Weapons Program at the time of
the 1991 study, Special Agent Thomas W. W. Ward, was fired by the FBI
and was sentenced to two months in prison for receiving payments from a
peppergas manufacturer while conducting and authoring the FBI study that
eventually approved pepper spray for FBI use.<sup id="yiv1646096946cite_ref-ACLU_1995_7-1" class="yiv1646096946reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepper_spray#cite_note-ACLU_1995-7" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="yiv1646096946cite_ref-10" class="yiv1646096946reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepper_spray#cite_note-10" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="yiv1646096946cite_ref-11" class="yiv1646096946reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepper_spray#cite_note-11" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup>
Prosecutors said that from December 1989 through 1990, Ward received
about $5,000 a month for a total of $57,500, from Luckey Police
Products, a Fort Lauderdale, Florida-based company that was a major
producer and supplier of pepper spray. The payments were paid through a
Florida company owned by Ward's wife.<sup id="yiv1646096946cite_ref-12" class="yiv1646096946reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepper_spray#cite_note-12" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup></b></div>
<div>Pepper spray has been associated with <a class="yiv1646096946mw-redirect" title="Positional asphyxiation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positional_asphyxiation" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">positional asphyxiation</a>
of individuals in police custody. There is much debate over the actual
"cause" of death in these cases. There have been few controlled clinical
studies of the human health effects of pepper spray marketed for police
use, and those studies are contradictory. Some studies have found no
harmful effects beyond the effects described above.<sup id="yiv1646096946cite_ref-13" class="yiv1646096946reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepper_spray#cite_note-13" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup></div>
<div><b style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">Direct close-range spray can cause more serious eye irritation by
attacking the cornea with a concentrated stream of liquid</b> (the so-called
"hydraulic needle" effect). Some brands have addressed this problem by
means of an elliptically cone shaped spray pattern.</div>
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