<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:georgia,serif;font-size:large;color:rgb(51,51,51)"><span id="docs-internal-guid-73aa29dc-c79b-c5f0-b975-e429de063e1e"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.15;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" style="font-family:Arvo;font-size:16px;white-space:pre-wrap;line-height:1.15;background-color:transparent">1982 Lebanon Invasion</a><br></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.15;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">
<br></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.15;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><br></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.15;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent">6 June 1982, the</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent"> </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent">Israel Defense Forces</span></a><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent"> invaded</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Lebanon" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent"> </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent">southern Lebanon</span></a><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent"> after the</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Nidal_Organization" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent"> </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent">Abu Nidal Organization</span></a><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent">'s assassination attempt against Israel's ambassador to the United Kingdom,</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlomo_Argov" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent"> </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent">Shlomo Argov</span></a><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent">, used by Israel's prime minister</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menachem_Begin" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent"> </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent">Menachem Begin</span></a><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent"> as justification for the invasion</span></p>
<br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.15;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent">This justification for the Lebanon invasion by Israel has been criticized, given the 1974 split between the</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Nidal_Organisation" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent"> </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent">Abu Nidal Organisation</span></a><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent"> and Arafat's PLO, that Abu Nidal was Arafat's mortal Palestinian enemy, that at the time its agents were also seeking to assassinate Fatah officials, and that it was based in Syria and not in Lebanon.</span></p>
<br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.15;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent">By expelling the</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent"> </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent">Palestine Liberation Organization</span></a><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent"> (PLO), removing Syrian influence over Lebanon, and installing a pro-Israeli Christian government led by</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachir_Gemayel" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent"> </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent">Bachir Gemayel</span></a><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent">, Israel hoped to sign a treaty which</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menachem_Begin" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent"> </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent">Menachem Begin</span></a><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent"> promised would give Israel "forty years of peace"</span></p>
<br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.15;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent">After attacking the PLO – as well as Syrian, leftist, and Muslim Lebanese forces – Israel occupied southern Lebanon, eventually surrounding the PLO and elements of the</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_army" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent"> </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent">Syrian army</span></a><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent">. Surrounded in West</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent"> </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent">Beirut</span></a><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent"> and subjected to heavy bombardment, the PLO forces and their allies negotiated passage from Lebanon with the aid of United States and relocated headquarters to Tripoli in June 1982.</span></p>
<br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.15;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent">Outrage followed Israel's role in the Phalangist-perpetrated</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent"> </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent">Sabra and Shatila massacre</span></a><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent">, of mostly Palestinians and Lebanese Shiites. On 16 December 1982, the</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent"> </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent">United Nations General Assembly</span></a><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent"> condemned the Sabra and Shatila massacre and declared it to be an act of</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent"> </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent">genocide</span></a><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent">.</span></p>
<br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.15;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent">An international commission investigated into reported violations of International Law by Israel during its invasion of the Lebanon. The commission's report concluded that "the government of Israel has committed acts of aggression contrary to international law", that the government of Israel had no valid reasons under international law for its invasion of Lebanon, and that the Israeli authorities or forces were directly or indirectly responsible for the</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent"> </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent">massacres and killings</span></a><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent">, which have been reported to have been carried out by Lebanese militiamen in Sabra and the Shatila refugee camp in the Beirut area between 16 and 18 September.[111]</span></p>
<br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:0.8727272857319225;margin-top:6pt;margin-bottom:6pt"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent">In Israel, following a four-month investigation, on 8 February 1983, the</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahan_Commission" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent"> </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent">Kahan Commission</span></a><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent"> submitted its report finding that </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_minister" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(11,0,128);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Defence minister</span></a><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(37,37,37);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_Sharon" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(11,0,128);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Ariel Sharon</span></a><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(37,37,37);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> was found to bear </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-style:italic;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">personal responsibility</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahan_Commission#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(11,0,128);vertical-align:super;white-space:pre-wrap">[1]</span></a><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(37,37,37);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-style:italic;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">"for ignoring the danger of bloodshed and revenge"</span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(37,37,37);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> and </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-style:italic;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">"not taking appropriate measures to prevent bloodshed"</span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(37,37,37);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">. Sharon's negligence in protecting the civilian population of Beirut, which had come under Israeli control, amounted to a </span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-style:italic;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">non-fulfillment of a duty with which the Defence Minister was charged</span><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(37,37,37);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">, and it was recommended that Sharon be dismissed as Defence Minister.</span></p>
<br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:0.8727272857319225;margin-top:6pt;margin-bottom:6pt"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(37,37,37);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Initially, Sharon refused to resign, and Prime Minister </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menachem_Begin" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(11,0,128);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Menachem Begin</span></a><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(37,37,37);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> refused to fire him. However, following a peace march against the government, as the marchers were dispersing, a grenade was thrown into the crowd, killing </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Grunzweig" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(11,0,128);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Emil Grunzweig</span></a><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(37,37,37);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">, a reserve combat officer and peace activist, and wounding half a dozen others, including the son of the Interior Minister.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahan_Commission#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:10px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(11,0,128);vertical-align:super;white-space:pre-wrap">[2]</span></a><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Arvo;color:rgb(37,37,37);vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> Although Sharon resigned as Defence Minister, he remained in the Cabinet as a Minister without Portfolio. Years later Sharon would be elected Israel's Prime Minister.</span></p>
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