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<small><small>Peter J. McGuire<small> - <big>First National
President of the Carpenter's Union ( 1881-1901 ) and</big></small>
founder of both Labor Day and May Day</small><br>
<br>
The True Story Of Labor Day: Debunking The Myth</small><small> </small>
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<span class="cat-date-line4">By Eugene E. Ruyle, <a
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<p class="contentheading" style="color: #cc0000;"><small><em><span
style="color: #000000;">Above: The first Labor Day
observance in 1882 at Union Square in New York</span></em></small></p>
<small> </small>
<p class="contentheading" style="color: #cc0000;"><small><span
style="color: #000000;">Author’s note: these remarks were
put together from various sources. A longer article with
citations is available on request from the author at
cuyleruyle – at – mac.com.</span></small></p>
<small> </small>
<h2 class="contentheading" style="color: #cc0000;"><small><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Labor Day and May Day: Two
Workers’ Holidays</span></small></h2>
<small> </small>
<p><small>As we enter the Labor Day weekend, many on the left will
repeat the myth that Labor Day has no historical significance
and is simply a “gift” from capitalist politicians to break up
the international solidarity of American workers by providing
an alternative to May Day. For many years, I accepted this
myth, even while marching with my union comrades in the annual
Labor Day Parades in Wilmington, California. Then I learned
that the first Labor Day was in 1882, four years BEFORE
Haymarket and eight years BEFORE the first international May
Day in 1890. How, then, could it have originated as an
alternative to May Day? A little historical research
revealed a much different, and more complex.</small></p>
<small> </small>
<div id="attachment_46249" style="width: 385px" class="wp-caption
alignright"><small>Peter J. McGuire founder of both Labor Day
and May Day </small></div>
<small> </small>
<p><small>This research showed that both Labor Day and May Day
grew out of American labor struggles in the 1880s and,
surprisingly, that the same man, Peter J. McGuire (1852-1906),
who founded the International Brotherhood of Carpenters, is
claimed as the “father” of both Labor Day and May Day!
However, as the labor movement developed in the 1890s and into
the 20th Century, different factions favored one rather than
the other and began to pit the two against each other. But as
Yale historian David Montgomery notes, “Little is gained by
calling one holiday real and the other phony. We need to know
what both have meant to workers.” Otherwise, an opportunity to
educate the U.S. working class about its real history will be
lost.</small></p>
<small> </small>
<p><small>Let us, then, review the intertwined history of Labor
Day and May Day within the general struggle for the
emancipation of the working class.</small></p>
<small> </small>
<p><small>The roots of Labor Day go back to the Middle Ages.
During the French Revolution a special day in September
was set aside as a labor holiday. In nineteenth-century North
America, celebrations, picnics, parades, benefits,
and demonstrations of various kinds were held to support
shorter hours, to help strikers, and for other labor
causes. There are reports of early Labor Day celebrations in
Toronto, Canada, in 1872 and in Boston in 1878. The first
Labor Day in Australia was celebrated in 1856. According to
the research of Jonathan Grossman, however, the American Labor
Day holiday grew out of the parade and picnic of the Central
Labor Union of New York City on September 5, 1882:</small></p>
<small> </small>
<blockquote><small> </small>
<p><small>The year 1882 was charged with excitement for
organized workers in New York City. On January 30, thousands
of workers packed Cooper Union in support of Irish tenants
against their British landlords. Under such banners as
“Ill fares the land, to hastening ills a prey/Where wealth
accumulates, and men decay,” union leaders expressed
the unity of labor’s cause throughout the world. Among the
participants were Matthew Maguire, Secretary of
the Committee on Arrangements, who read letters from labor
unions from every part of America, and Peter J. McGuire, who
“spoke eloquently for half an hour, retiring among continued
applause,”</small></p>
<small> </small></blockquote>
<small> </small>
<p><small>Maguire and McGuire, both members of the Socialist Labor
Party Club of New York, had proposed the holiday to the
Central Labor Union of New York. On Tuesday, Sept. 5, 1882,
about ten thousand workers took an unpaid day off and marched
around Union Square in support of the holiday and celebrating
labor’s international cause. It became an annual event that
spread to other cities and states as the movement for a
national Labor Day grew. Over the next decade, thirty states
recognized Labor Day as a legal holiday so that workers would
not have to lose pay in order to celebrate their achievements.</small></p>
<small> </small>
<p><small>Legal limitation of the working day was an important
part of labor’s achievements. Even before the Civil War, the
ten-hour day movement had made significant gains. With the
rise of industrial capitalism after the Civil War, the eight
hour day movement began in earnest. In his chapter on “The
Working Day” in Capital, Marx wrote:</small></p>
<small> </small>
<blockquote><small> </small>
<p><small>Labour cannot emancipate itself in the white skin
where in the black it is branded. But out of the death of
slavery a new life at once arose. The first fruit of the
Civil War was the eight hours’ agitation, that ran with the
seven-leagued boots of the locomotive from the Atlantic to
the Pacific, from New England to California.</small></p>
<small> </small></blockquote>
<small> </small>
<p><small>Marx continues to write that on August 16, 1866, the
General Congress of labour at Baltimore (August 16th, 1866),
“to free the labour of this country from capitalistic
slavery,” as the Congress put it, called for a law limiting
the working day to eight hours, A few weeks later, the
Congress of the International Working Men’s Association at
Geneva, passed a similar resolution. Thus, with the leadership
of the American working class, the movement of the
working-class on both sides of the Atlantic set itself to the
struggle for an eight hour day. Marx concludes:</small></p>
<small> </small>
<blockquote><small> </small>
<p><small>In place of the pompous catalogue of the “inalienable
rights of man” comes the modest Magna Charta of a legally
limited working-day, which shall make clear “when the time
which the worker sells is ended, and when his own begins.”</small></p>
<small> </small></blockquote>
<small> </small>
<p><small>Later, Lenin would describe the importance of the eight
hour day movement as a time when the workers, as a class,
confronted the state as an instrument of the capitalist class.</small></p>
<small> </small>
<blockquote><small> </small>
<p><small>The demand for an eight-hour day . . . is the demand
of the whole proletariat, presented, not to individual
employers, but to the government as the representative of
the whole of the present-day social and political system, to
the capitalist class as a whole, the owners of all the means
of production.</small></p>
<small> </small></blockquote>
<small> </small>
<p><small>Responding to working class agitation, Congress passed
an eight hour day law in 1868. Federal authorities did not
enforce it, however, so labor activists such as McGuire and
his friend, Samuel Gompers, realized that it would only be
enforced by direct action from the workers themselves.</small></p>
<small> </small>
<div><small><img scale="0" title="Poster from 8-hour day struggle"
src="cid:part17.06050403.06010009@comcast.net" alt="Image of
poster from 8-hour day struggel not available" width="100%"><br>
<span style="font-family: courier;"><strong>Poster from the
8-hour day struggle</strong></span></small></div>
<small> </small>
<p><small>In 1884, at McGuire’s urging, the national conference of
the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions, the
organizational forerunner of the American Federation of Labor
(AFL), passed a resolution establishing May 1, 1886, as the
day on which the workers themselves would institute the
eight-hour day. May Day was already a day with deep historical
roots and rituals such as the May Pole dating back to the
Middle Ages. It was a day when workers would make their
demands. The modern May Day dates from this action by the
American labor movement.</small></p>
<small> </small>
<p><small>The first May Day was a huge success, According to one
source, “In all, the May 1 actions involved 340,000 working
people. Of these, 150,000 won shorter hours without striking;
190,000 struck, and 42,000 of the strikers improved their
conditions.”</small></p>
<small> </small>
<p><small>The largest of the May Day demonstrations was in
Chicago, where 80,000 workers went on strike, with another
45,000 in New York and 32,000 in Cincinnati. One of the
largest strikes was in Chicago at the McCormick Reaper Works,
where Pinkerton agents and the police harassed and beat
locked-out steelworkers as they picketed. On May 3, the police
attacked, killing at least two workers and wounding many more.
The next day, a rally was called for Haymarket Square in
Chicago to support the strikers and oppose police brutality.</small></p>
<small> </small>
<p><small>The rally itself was peaceful, attended by families with
children and the Mayor of Chicago himself. But as the crowd
was dispersing, the police attacked. A bomb was thrown—no one
to this day knows who threw it—and police began to fire
indiscriminately into the crowd, killing several civilians and
wounding forty more. One officer was killed by the bomb and
several more died from their own gun fire. The aftermath is
described by a writer for the Industrial Workers of the World:</small></p>
<small> </small>
<blockquote><small> </small>
<p><small>Aside from the bomb thrower, who was never identified,
it was the police, not the anarchists, who perpetrated the
violence. Eight anarchists – Albert Parsons, August Spies,
Samuel Fielden, Oscar Neebe, Michael Schwab, George Engel,
Adolph Fischer and Louis Lingg – were arrested and convicted
of murder, though only three were even present at Haymarket
and those three were in full view of all when the bombing
occurred. The jury in their trial was comprised of business
leaders in a gross mockery of justice similar to the
Sacco-Vanzetti case thirty years later, or the trials of AIM
and Black Panther members in the seventies. The entire world
watched as these eight organizers were convicted, not for
their actions, of which all were innocent, but for their
political and social beliefs. On November 11, 1887, after
many failed appeals, Parsons, Spies, Engel and Fisher were
hung to death. Louis Lingg, in his final protest of the
state’s claim of authority and punishment, took his own life
the night before with an explosive device in his mouth.</small></p>
<small> </small></blockquote>
<small> </small>
<p><small>The remaining defendants were later pardoned by a new
Governor of Illinois and declared innocent of any wrongdoing.
A monument to the Haymarket Martyrs was dedicated in 1893,
inscribed with the prophetic last words of August Spies:
“There will come a time when our silence will be more powerful
than the voices you strangle today.”Police repression had not
killed May Day or the eight hour day movement,. In 1888, the
AFL defiantly called for another national eight hour strike
for May 1, 1890. When AFL leader Samuel Gompers learned that
the International Workingmen’s Congress would consider a
similar eight-hour day resolution, he arranged for a
representative, Hugh McGregor, to travel to the Congress and
deliver a letter asking that they also adopt May 1, 1890 for
their action. Inspired by the example of the American workers,
the Paris Congress adopted the following resolution:</small></p>
<small> </small>
<blockquote><small> </small>
<p><small>The Congress decides to organize a great international
demonstration, so that in all countries and in all cities on
one appointed day the toiling masses shall demand of the
state authorities the legal reduction of the working day to
eight hours, as well as the carrying out of other decisions
of the Paris Congress. Since a similar demonstration has
already been decided upon for May 1, 1890, by the American
Federation of Labor at its Convention in St. Louis,
December, 1888, this day is accepted for the international
demonstration. The workers of the various countries must
organize this demonstration according to conditions
prevailing in each country.</small></p>
<small> </small></blockquote>
<small> </small>
<p><small>The first International Workers Day on May 1, 1890 was a
success, with demonstrations in all the major European cities,
including London, Paris, Madrid, Barcelona, Copenhagen,
Brussels, Budapest, Berlin, Prague, Warsaw, Vienna, and
Amsterdam, as well as in Cuba, Peru, and Chile, and in cities
throughout the United States. In Chicago and New York, slogans
included:</small></p>
<small> </small>
<ul>
<small> </small>
<li><small>Abolish Wage Slavery,</small></li>
<small> </small>
<li><small>No More Bosses—Wage Slavery Must Go.</small></li>
<small> </small>
<li><small>The 8-hour day is the next step in the Labor
Movement, The Socialist CommonWealth is the Final Aim.</small></li>
<small> </small>
</ul>
<small> </small>
<p><small>On May Day, 1890, in London, Frederick Engels was
writing an introduction to a new edition of the Communist
Manifesto, and included the following:</small></p>
<small> </small>
<blockquote><small> </small>
<p><small>Today, as I write these lines, the European and
American proletariat is reviewing its fighting forces,
mobilized for the first time, mobilized as one army, under
one flag, for one immediate aim: the standard eight-hour
working day to be established by legal enactment, as
proclaimed by the Geneva Congress of the International in
1866, and again by the Paris Workers’ Congress of 1889. And
today’ s spectacle will open the eyes of the capitalists and
landlords of all countries to the fact that today the
proletarians of all countries are united indeed. If only
Marx were still by my side to see this with his own eyes!</small></p>
<small> </small></blockquote>
<small> </small>
<p><small>Across the ocean, Gompers (who probably actually
deserves the honor of being called the “father” of May Day),
noted with satisfaction in 1891:</small></p>
<small> </small>
<blockquote><small> </small>
<p><small>May 1st of each year is now looked upon by the
organized wage-workers and the observing public as a sort of
new Independence Day upon which they will every year strike
a blow for emancipation and steadily weaken the shackles of
wage slavery.</small></p>
<small> </small></blockquote>
<small> </small>
<p><small>Although originally proposed to be a one-time affair,
May Day soon became an annual event. For over a century, every
year on May Day, workers on every continent honor the
Haymarket Square martyrs and labor’s continuing struggle for
an eight hour day.</small></p>
<small> </small>
<p><small>The struggle to set aside the September Labor Day as a
legal holiday never subsided, however. The labor movement has
never been a single-issue movement and has always exhibited
tensions between different tendencies. By the early 1890s,
thirty states and many cities recognized Labor Day as a legal
holiday for workers.</small></p>
<small> </small>
<p><small>Responding to the demands of the labor movement,
Congress legalized Labor Day as a national holiday in 1894,
after a watershed event in American labor history. On May
11, 1894, employees of the Pullman Palace Car Company in
Chicago went on strike to protest wage cuts and the firing
of union representatives. On June 26, the American Railroad
Union, led by Eugene V. Debs, called for a boycott of
all Pullman railway cars, crippling railroad traffic
nationwide. To break the strike, the federal government
dispatched troops to Chicago who violently suppressed the
strike, killing thirty workers in the process.</small></p>
<small> </small>
<p><small>In the wake of the ensuing massive unrest, Congress
finally passed an act making Labor Day a legal holiday. No
longer would workers have to take an unpaid day off to relax
and celebrate their history. Like the weekend, Labor Day was
brought to America by the organized action of the labor
movement.</small></p>
<small> </small>
<div><small><img scale="0" title="Pullman strike of 1894"
src="cid:part18.03020809.03050100@comcast.net" alt="Photo of
1894 Pullman strike not available" width="100%"><br>
<span style="font-family: courier;"><strong>More than a dozen
strikers were killed in the Pullman Strike of 1894</strong></span></small></div>
<small> </small>
<p><small>Both May Day and Labor Day are days of celebration for
workers. Both grew out of the struggles of workers for the
eight-hour day and better working conditions, and many of the
same people and organizations were involved in the origin of
both holidays. Unfortunately, conflicts between different
tendencies within the labor movement have affected the history
of these two labor holidays.</small></p>
<small> </small>
<p><small>From the very beginning, the U.S. press has described
the May Day demonstrators as “wild-eyed agitators” of the
“European type,” “radicals, mostly socialists and anarchists,”
with “accents and foreign mannerisms predominating.” The Labor
Day parade, by contrast, is seen as “a demonstration of the
honest American workingman,” “sober, clean quiet,” and
“well-clothed and well-appearing men.”</small></p>
<small> </small>
<p><small>The two workers’ holidays are indeed different. On Labor
Day, workers can take a well-deserved day off and enjoy their
achievements without having to fight the bosses and cops to do
so. On May Day, workers themselves assert their power, without
legal sanction, in defiance of the bosses, the state, and even
union leaders if necessary.</small></p>
<small> </small>
<p><small>Curiously, Labor Day was started by members of the
Socialist Labor Party in 1882, but by the 20th Century, the
SLP was denouncing it, saying that Labor Day “represents a
gift handed to the workers free, gratis and for nothing by the
capitalist politicians . . . meant as an antidote for labor’s
own May Day.” Conversely, May Day was started in 1886 by the
American Federation of Labor, but by the 20th Century, the AFL
would ignore May Day and its own role in starting it. Even
today, the website of the national AFL-CIO does not mention
its role in starting May Day, but many local AFL-CIO unions
and federations do sponsor May Day events.</small></p>
<small> </small>
<p><small>This is especially true since 2006, when May Day
mobilizations in the United States made headlines for the
first time in living memory. Millions of immigrant
workers—documented and undocumented—took to the streets as
Immigrant Rights groups and Latino organizations called a
nation-wide one day strike and huge marches were staged across
the country. Hundreds of thousands of workers marched in Los
Angeles, San Francisco, and Oakland and throughout the nation
and throughout the world.</small></p>
<small> </small>
<p><small>For most workers around the world—and not only in the
socialist countries—May Day is a legal holiday. Even the
Catholic Church, in 1955, dedicated May Day to Saint Joseph
The Worker, the patron saint of workers and craftsmen.</small></p>
<small> </small>
<p><small>Labor Day, like the weekend, was brought to us by the
labor movement. If Labor Day has become de-politicized, we
need to re-politicize it. We can do so by honoring the 30
union strikers murdered by federal troops during the Pullman
Strike of 1894. It is to them, not the capitalist politicians,
that we owe this holiday.</small></p>
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<p><small>Labor Day and May Day—two holidays to honor the
Haymarket Square martyrs, the union strikers shot down by
federal troops during the Pullman Strike of 1894, and the
thousands of workers continuing to be murdered by police
violence. Labor Day and May Day are also two days to celebrate
the achievements of the labor movement.</small></p>
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