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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoTitle style='margin-bottom:9.6pt'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:24.0pt;line-height:106%'>PARIS CLIMATE AGREEMENT: TRIUMPH OR BETRAYAL<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd;mso-para-margin-left:.5in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%;color:#00B050'>“A major leap for mankind” - Observer<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd;mso-para-margin-left:.5in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%;color:#00B050'>“Climate deal ’to change the world’” – Sunday Times<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd;mso-para-margin-left:.5in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%;color:#00B050'>“Governments have agreed to limit the increase to 1.5⁰C” - The Guardian<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoBodyText style='margin-bottom:9.6pt'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%'>World leaders and the corporate media have trumpeted the outcome of the COP21 climate talks in Paris as a world-saving triumph. This report attempts to tell the truth =- which is rather different.</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd;mso-para-margin-left:.5in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%;color:red'>Structure of the text:</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:red'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:1.0in;mso-margin-top-alt:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd;mso-para-margin-left:1.0in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%;color:red'>The text agreed in Paris runs to 31 pages. The first 19 pages record the “DECISION” to adopt the Agreement, in six sections; the last 12 pages are the “PARIS AGREEMENT” itself, Preamble plus <br>twenty-nine articles. To understand it all, you really need to read both parts together.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:1.0in;mso-margin-top-alt:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd;mso-para-margin-left:1.0in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%;color:red'>Note that In the text of the agreement, <br>“mitigation = action to reduce global warming, while “adaptation” = action to survive global warming<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:9.6pt;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%'>DEGREES v PLEDGES:</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd;mso-para-margin-left:.5in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%'>Much attention has, rightly, focussed on the different targets of a maximum 2⁰C rise in average temperature or a more ambitious limit of a 1.5⁰C rise. Both are against a baseline of “pre-industrial” average temperature. The British press has frequently misquoted 2⁰C as a safe limit. In fact a rise of 2⁰C would cause massive disruption: drought, flood, storm, desertification, loss of species, disruption of the ocean, disease and huge population displacement. Clearly 1.5⁰C would be a much better outcome, although even that would cause significant global problems.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoBodyTextIndent2 style='margin-bottom:9.6pt'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%'>So, isn’t it great that our leaders have committed to a 1.5⁰C limit? Well, it would be, but they haven’t. To begin with, the agreement actually aims for “well below 2⁰C” plus “pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoBodyText2 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:2.5in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%'>ARTICLE 2 1 (a): “This Agreement … aims to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change … including by (a) Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change;”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd;mso-para-margin-left:.5in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%'>Far worse, the contributions to emissions reductions endorsed by the Paris talks come nowhere near even the 2⁰C limit. The UN Climate Change Panel estimates that, to keep within the 2⁰C limit, we need to keep the level of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere to under 40 gigatonnes (carbon equivalent) by 2030. The total pledges at Paris are so inadequate they will lead to 55 gigatonnes in 2030. That’s an overload of nearly 40%. </span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoBodyText2 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:2.5in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%'>DECISION II para 17:”Notes with concern that the estimated aggregate greenhouse gas emission levels in 2025 and 2030 resulting from the intended nationally determined contributions do not fall within least-cost 2 ˚C scenarios but rather lead to a projected level of 55 gigatonnes in 2030, and also notes that much greater emission reduction efforts will be required than those associated with the intended nationally determined contributions in order to hold the increase in the global average temperature to below 2 ˚C above pre-industrial levels by reducing emissions to 40 gigatonnes or to 1.5 ˚C above pre-industrial levels by reducing to a level to be identified in the special report referred to in paragraph 21 below.”</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd;mso-para-margin-left:.5in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%'>We are not looking at a temperature rise of 1.5⁰C</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>.</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%'> We are not looking at one of 2⁰C. We can expect a catastrophic 3⁰C, 4⁰C or even higher. The Paris talks have produced lots of words, but the actions agreed mean the opposite of the words.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:1.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd;mso-para-margin-left:1.5in'><span lang=FR style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%;color:red'>A chant in the Boulevard de la Grande Armée:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:2.0in;mso-margin-top-alt:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd;mso-para-margin-left:2.0in'><span lang=FR style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%;color:red'>"Un degré, deux degrés, trois degrés</span><span lang=FR style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:red'><br></span><span lang=FR style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%;color:red'>Un crime contre l’humanite"<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:9.6pt;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%'>$100bn FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:1.0in;mso-margin-top-alt:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd;mso-para-margin-left:1.0in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%;color:#0070C0'>ARTICLE 9 1: “Developed country Parties shall provide financial resources to assist developing country Parties with respect to both mitigation and adaptation in continuation of their existing obligations under the Convention.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:1.0in;mso-margin-top-alt:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd;mso-para-margin-left:1.0in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%;color:#0070C0'>ARTICLE 9 3: “Such mobilization of climate finance should represent a progression beyond previous efforts.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd;mso-para-margin-left:.5in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%'>The foregoing Articles are the basis for the claim that rich countries will provide poorer countries with $100 billion per year to help them fight and adapt to climate change. Unfortunately, it’s not true.</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd;mso-para-margin-left:.5in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%'>Firstly, there is no figure set on the total to be provided now. There is a “floor” figure starting in ten years’ time, stated in the “Decision” part of the text.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoBodyText2 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:2.5in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%'>DECISION III 54: “… prior to 2025 … shall set a new collective quantified goal from a floor of USD 100 bn per year.”</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd;mso-para-margin-left:.5in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%'>More importantly, there is no mechanism whatsoever by which this money will be provided. The $100 billion per year is merely an aspiration. No country has committed to providing it. This is not an agreement to do it, it is just a hope that it might happen</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:1.0in;mso-margin-top-alt:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd;mso-para-margin-left:1.0in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%;color:#0070C0'>DECISION IV 115: “<i>Resolves </i>to enhance the provision of urgent and adequate finance, technology and capacity-building support by developed country Parties in order to enhance the level of ambition of pre-2020 action by Parties, and in this regard <i>strongly urges </i>developed country Parties to scale up their level of financial support, with a concrete roadmap to achieve the goal of jointly providing USD 100 billion annually by 2020 for mitigation and adaptation while significantly increasing adaptation finance from current levels and to further provide appropriate technology and capacity-building support.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:9.6pt;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%'>HISTORICAL RESPONSIBILITY</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd;mso-para-margin-left:.5in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%'>A key area of dispute has always been responsibility for climate change – and consequent responsibility for stopping it and for its effects. Historically it is, of course, developed countries that have generated the bulk of greenhouse gases and thus caused the climate change crisis. Logically, the developed countries should sort out their own mess. They should be bearing the primary responsibility for preventing climate change running out of control. They should be helping the poorer countries affected by climate change.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd;mso-para-margin-left:.5in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%'>Oddly enough, the rich countries don’t see things this way. Developed countries want to forget how we got here and simply talk about where we are, sharing the burden equally regardless of past responsibility. The Paris Agreement goes straight down the line of the rich countries, containing no references at all to historical responsibility. All it contains are a few sops – phrases that could, perhaps, if you really wanted to, be interpreted as oblique references to what should be a core principle.</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:1.0in;mso-margin-top-alt:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd;mso-para-margin-left:1.0in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%;color:#0070C0'>PREAMBLE: “<i>Also recognizing </i>that sustainable lifestyles and sustainable patterns of consumption and production, with developed country Parties taking the lead, play an important role in addressing climate change,”</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#0070C0'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:1.0in;mso-margin-top-alt:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd;mso-para-margin-left:1.0in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%;color:#0070C0'>ARTICLE 2 2: “This Agreement will be implemented to reflect equity and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:1.0in;mso-margin-top-alt:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd;mso-para-margin-left:1.0in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%;color:#0070C0'>ARTICLE 4 4: “Developed country Parties shall continue taking the lead by undertaking economy-wide absolute emission reduction targets. Developing country Parties should continue enhancing their mitigation efforts, and are encouraged to move over time towards economy-wide emission reduction or limitation targets in the light of different national circumstances.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd;mso-para-margin-left:.5in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%'>To make the lack of responsibility even clearer, the Decision includes a statement that the Agreement does.not involve liability. If you live on an island that sinks beneath the waves because of global warming, that’s just tough.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoBodyText2 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:2.5in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%'>DECISION III 52: “Agrees that Article 8 (loss & damage) of the Agreement does not involve or provide a basis for any liability or compensation.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:9.6pt;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%'>NOT LEGALLY BINDING</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd;mso-para-margin-left:.5in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%'>A key weakness in the whole Agreement is that it is not legally binding. The text is feeble enough – full of “should”s, “would”s, “request”s, “urge”s and so on - but any country that finds it irksome can simply walk away from it without penalty.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd;mso-para-margin-left:.5in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%'>The supposed substitute in the Agreement for being legally binding is the inclusion of a review mechanism every five years. This doesn’t kick in until 2023. Worse, it is all voluntary, even the review.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoBodyText2 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:2.5in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%'>ARTICLE 14 para 2: “… shall undertake its first global stocktake in 2023 and every five years thereafter …”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:9.6pt;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%'>NO JUSTICE</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd;mso-para-margin-left:.5in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%'>Until quite late on in the process, every draft of the Agreement included reference to a “just transition”. The trade unions, in particular, fought for this phrase. Likewise, many sought the inclusion of a reference to “climate justice”. The only reference to either comes in the form of a disgracefully patronising “note” in the preamble.</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoBodyText2 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:2.5in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%'>PREAMBLE: “Noting the importance of ensuring the integrity of all ecosystems, including oceans, and the protection of biodiversity, recognized by some cultures as Mother Earth, and noting the importance for some of the concept of “climate justice”, when taking action to address climate change.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd;mso-para-margin-left:.5in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%'>The trust of the text of the Decision is that countries facing the need for adaptation should cooperate regionally. Presumably they should all try to drown together.</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:9.6pt;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%'>CARBON TRADING</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd;mso-para-margin-left:.5in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%'>Carbon Trading has been thoroughly discredited. It has, of course, been a great success for some. Rich individuals and corporations have made a fortune “trading” on “carbon exchanges”, often with fee money from governments. But it has contributed not a jot towards reducing the emission of greenhouse gases.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd;mso-para-margin-left:.5in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%'>That has not stopped it being squeezed into the agreement almost under the radar. Despite the circumlocutions (maybe no-one might notice), the text provides both for carbon trading and for emissions trading between countries.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:1.0in;mso-margin-top-alt:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd;mso-para-margin-left:1.0in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%;color:#0070C0'>DECISION V 137: “<i>Also recognizes </i>the important role of providing incentives for emission reduction activities, including tools such as domestic policies and carbon pricing;”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:1.0in;mso-margin-top-alt:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd;mso-para-margin-left:1.0in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%;color:#0070C0'>ARTICL:E 6 2:” Parties shall, where engaging on a voluntary basis in cooperative approaches that involve the use of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes towards nationally determined contributions, promote sustainable ...” <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:1.0in;mso-margin-top-alt:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd;mso-para-margin-left:1.0in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%;color:#0070C0'>ARTICLE 6 3. “The use of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes to achieve nationally determined contributions under this Agreement shall be voluntary and authorized by participating Parties.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:9.6pt;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%'>GONE MISSING<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd;mso-para-margin-left:.5in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%'>Some large omissions are referred to above. There are more.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd;mso-para-margin-left:.5in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%'>The oceans play a crucial role in global warming. Firstly, they act as a truly enormous heat sink, holding far more heat than the atmosphere. Without them we would already have fried. Unfortunately, we understand little about the mechanics of this process. Secondly, the nature of the oceans as an ecological system is being profoundly affected by warming and consequent acidification. Yet the oceans get one single word mention in the entire text.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd;mso-para-margin-left:.5in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%'>Migration caused by environment problems, including global warming effects, is already happening on a significant scale. Haitians move to Brazil because of earthquake activity. Malians move to Europe because of desertification. If sea levels rise, tens or hundreds of millions will move or drown. Yet there is just one reference, in the Decision, to this.</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:9.6pt;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%'>AND BRITAIN<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd;mso-para-margin-left:.5in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%'>Britain’s position is easily summarised: blatant hypocrisy.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd;mso-para-margin-left:.5in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%'>The government has signed up to the agreement while in the process of actively undermining almost every aspect of the fight against global warming. They are selling of the Green Investment Bank so it becomes just any other investment bank. They are removing subsidies for onshore wind power. They have slashed the Feed-In Tariff that motivates the installation of small scale renewables. And so on.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.6pt;margin-left:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.8gd;mso-para-margin-left:.5in'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:106%'>British government policy is flood, storm, drought, and disease - and devil take those on the low ground.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div></body></html>