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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#003300">On my WEFT interview last week I had mentioned I gave an extensive interview to Dennis Bernstein for Pacifica (including WEFT)  on Clinton’s email private
 server system   pointing out that she had Committed the crime of Conspiracy to Defraud the United States Government in violation of 18 USC 371, which is a Felony. I was originally hired here to teach Criminal Law and did so for about 7-8 years.You can find
 the text and analysis  of the Statute below taken from the US Attorneys’ Manual itself. You can also find  my response to a Yale Law Mafia Lawyer for Bush Jr defending Yale Law Mafia Clinton’s “ethics”. Yale Law Mafia Killer Koh admitted that he advised Clinton
 on her email systems. In other words, Killer Koh was part of Clinton’s Conspiracy to Defraud the United States government in violation of 18 USC 371, which is a Felony. So of course the Yale Law Mafia, the Feddies, the Neo-Cons and the Clintonoids on the Faculty
 of the University of Illinois College of Law believe Killer Koh is the perfect role model for a Lawyer in Government Service to give an Endowed Lecture on that subject on October 28 while campaigning for Mrs Clinton to get elected President ten days later.
<u>PATHETIC!</u> FAB.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#003300"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#003300">Francis A. Boyle<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#003300">Law Building<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#003300">504 E. Pennsylvania Ave.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#003300">Champaign IL 61820 USA<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#003300">217-333-7954 (phone)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#003300">217-244-1478 (fax)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#003300">(personal comments only</span></b><span style="color:#003300">)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#003300"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#003300"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b>From:</b> Boyle, Francis A [mailto:support@lists.aals.org]
<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, August 31, 2016 10:16 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> SECTNS.aals@lists.aals.org<br>
<b>Subject:</b> [SECTNS.aals] - Yale Law Mafia: 18 USC 371 v. Feddie Painter Vouches for Clinton's "ethics"<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#993366">Obviously  Feddie Painter studied “Criminal Law” and “Legal Ethics” at Yale Law School. And then he did Damage Control and Damage Limitation for Bush Jr
 at the White House. Now Feddie Painter  is doing Damage Control and Damage Limitation for Hillary and Bill Clinton who also “studied” at Yale Law School. The Clintons’ Yale Law Mafia in operation—along with Harold Killer Koh. Looks to me like Feddie Painter
 is gunning for a High  Level Position in the  President Mrs Clinton Yale Law Mafia Administration along with Killer Koh. Fab.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p><b><span lang="EN" style="font-size:14.0pt;color:#0070C0">To the tables down at Mory's,<br>
To the place where Louis dwells,<br>
To the dear old Temple Bar<br>
We love so well,<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p><b><span lang="EN" style="font-size:14.0pt;color:#0070C0">Sing the Whiffenpoofs assembled<br>
With their glasses raised on high,<br>
And the magic of their singing casts its spell.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p><b><span lang="EN" style="font-size:14.0pt;color:#0070C0">Yes, the magic of their singing<br>
Of the songs we love so well:<br>
"Shall I Wasting" and "Mavourneen" and the rest.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p><b><span lang="EN" style="font-size:14.0pt;color:#0070C0">We will serenade our Louis<br>
While life and voice shall last<br>
Then we'll pass and be forgotten with the rest.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p><b><span lang="EN" style="font-size:14.0pt;color:#0070C0">We are poor little lambs<br>
Who have lost our way.<br>
Baa! Baa! Baa!<br>
We are little black sheep<br>
Who have gone astray.<br>
Baa! Baa! Baa!<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p><b><span lang="EN" style="font-size:14.0pt;color:#0070C0">Gentlemen songsters off on a spree<br>
Damned from here to eternity<br>
God have mercy on such as we.<br>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#993366">Francis A. Boyle<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b>From:</b> Boyle, Francis A <br>
<b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, August 31, 2016 9:42 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> 'SECTNS.aals@lists.aals.org' <<a href="mailto:SECTNS.aals@lists.aals.org">SECTNS.aals@lists.aals.org</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> 18 USC 371 v. Feddie Painter Vouches for Clinton's "ethics"<o:p></o:p></p>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="font-size:15.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#242424">923. 18 U.S.C. § 371—Conspiracy to Defraud the United States<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#171E24">The general conspiracy statute, 18 U.S.C. § 371, creates an offense "[i]f two or more persons conspire either to commit any offense against the United States, or to defraud the
 United States, or any agency thereof in any manner or for any purpose. (emphasis added).
<i>See</i> Project, <i>Tenth Annual Survey of White Collar Crime</i>, 32 Am. Crim. L. Rev. 137, 379-406 (1995)(generally discussing § 371).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#171E24">The operative language is the so-called "defraud clause," that prohibits conspiracies to defraud the United States. This clause creates a separate offense from the "offense clause"
 in Section 371. Both offenses require the traditional elements of Section 371 conspiracy, including an illegal agreement, criminal intent, and proof of an overt act.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#171E24">Although this language is very broad, cases rely heavily on the definition of "defraud" provided by the Supreme Court in two early cases,
<i>Hass v. Henkel</i>, 216 U.S. 462 (1910), and <i>Hammerschmidt v. United States</i>, 265 U.S. 182 (1924). In
<i>Hass</i> the Court stated:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#242424">The statute is broad enough in its terms to include any conspiracy for the purpose of impairing, obstructing or defeating the lawful function of any department of government
 . . . (A)ny conspiracy which is calculated to obstruct or impair its efficiency and destroy the value of its operation and reports as fair, impartial and reasonably accurate, would be to defraud the United States by depriving it of its lawful right and duty
 of promulgating or diffusing the information so officially acquired in the way and at the time required by law or departmental regulation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<i><span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#171E24">Hass</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#171E24">, 216 U.S. at 479-480. In
<i>Hammerschmidt</i>, Chief Justice Taft, defined "defraud" as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#242424">To conspire to defraud the United States means primarily to cheat the Government out of property or money, but it also means to interfere with or obstruct one of its lawful governmental
 functions by deceit, craft or trickery, or at least by means that are dishonest. It is not necessary that the Government shall be subjected to property or pecuniary loss by the fraud, but only that its legitimate official action and purpose shall be defeated
 by misrepresentation, chicane or the overreaching of those charged with carrying out the governmental intention.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<i><span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#171E24">Hammerschmidt</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#171E24">, 265 U.S. at 188.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#171E24">The general purpose of this part of the statute is to protect governmental functions from frustration and distortion through deceptive practices. Section 371 reaches "any conspiracy
 for the purpose of impairing, obstructing or defeating the lawful function of any department of Government."
<i>Tanner v. United States</i>, 483 U.S. 107, 128 (1987); <i>see</i> <i>Dennis v. United States</i>, 384 U.S. 855 (1966). The "defraud part of section 371 criminalizes any willful impairment of a legitimate function of government, whether or not the improper
 acts or objective are criminal under another statute." <i>United States v. Tuohey</i>, 867 F.2d 534, 537 (9th Cir. 1989).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#171E24">The word "defraud" in Section 371 not only reaches financial or property loss through use of a scheme or artifice to defraud but also is designed and intended to protect the
 integrity of the United States and its agencies, programs and policies. <i>United States v. Burgin</i>, 621 F.2d 1352, 1356 (5th Cir.),
<i>cert. denied</i>, 449 U.S. 1015 (1980); <i>see</i> <i>United States v. Herron</i>, 825 F.2d 50, 57-58 (5th Cir.);
<i>United States v. Winkle</i>, 587 F.2d 705, 708 (5th Cir. 1979), <i>cert. denied</i>, 444 U.S. 827 (1979). Thus, proof that the United States has been defrauded under this statute does not require any showing of monetary or proprietary loss.
<i>United States v. Conover</i>, 772 F.2d 765 (11th Cir. 1985), <i>aff'd</i>, <i>
sub</i>. <i>nom</i>. <i>Tanner v. United States</i>, 483 U.S. 107 (1987); <i>United States v. Del Toro</i>, 513 F.2d 656 (2d Cir.),
<i>cert. denied</i>, 423 U.S. 826 (1975); <i>United States v. Jacobs</i>, 475 F.2d 270 (2d Cir.),
<i>cert</i>.<i> denied</i>, 414 U.S. 821 (1973).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#171E24">Thus, if the defendant and others have engaged in dishonest practices in connection with a program administered by an agency of the Government, it constitutes a fraud on the
 United States under Section 371. <i>United States v. Gallup</i>, 812 F.2d 1271, 1276 (10th Cir. 1987);
<i>Conover</i>, 772 F.2d at 771. In <i>United States v. Hopkins</i>, 916 F.2d 207 (5th Cir. 1990), the defendants' actions in disguising contributions were designed to evade the Federal Election Commission's reporting requirements and constituted fraud on the
 agency under Section 371.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#171E24">The intent required for a conspiracy to defraud the government is that the defendant possessed the intent (a) to defraud, (b) to make false statements or representations to the
 government or its agencies in order to obtain property of the government, or that the defendant performed acts or made statements that he/she knew to be false, fraudulent or deceitful to a government agency, which disrupted the functions of the agency or of
 the government. It is sufficient for the government to prove that the defendant knew the statements were false or fraudulent when made. The government is not required to prove the statements ultimately resulted in any actual loss to the government of any property
 or funds, only that the defendant's activities impeded or interfered with legitimate governmental functions.
<i>See</i> <i>United States v. Puerto</i>, 730 F.2d 627 (11th Cir.), <i>cert. denied</i>, 469 U.S. 847 (1984);
<i>United States v. Tuohey</i>, 867 F.2d 534 (9th Cir. 1989); <i>United States v. Sprecher</i>, 783 F. Supp. 133, 156 (S.D.N.Y. 1992)(þit is sufficient that the defendant engaged in acts that interfered with or obstructed a lawful governmental function by
 deceit, craft, trickery or by means that were dishonest"), <i>modified on other grounds</i>, 988 F.2d 318 (2d Cir. 1993).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#171E24">In
<i>United States v. Madeoy</i>, 912 F.2d 1486 (D.C. Cir. 1990), <i>cert. denied</i>, 498 U.S. 1105 (1991), the defendants were convicted of conspiracy to defraud the government and other offenses in connection with a scheme to fraudulently obtain loan commitments
 from the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) or Veterans Administration (VA). The court held that the district court had properly instructed the jury that:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#242424">the Government must prove beyond a reasonable doubt the existence of a scheme or artifice to defraud, with the objective either of defrauding the FHA or the VA of their lawful
 right to conduct their business and affairs free from deceit, fraud or misrepresentation, or of obtaining money and property from the FHA by means of false and fraudulent representations and promises which the defendant knew to be false.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<i><span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#171E24">Madeoy</span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#171E24">, 912 F.2d at 1492.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#171E24">Prosecutors considering charges under the defraud prong of Section 371, and the offense prong of Section 371 should be aware of
<i>United States v. Minarik</i>, 875 F.2d 1186 (6th Cir. 1989) holding limited, 985 F.2d 962 (1993), and related cases.
<i>See</i> <i>United States v. Arch Trading Company</i>, 987 F.2d 1087 (4th Cir. 1993). In
<i>Minarik</i>, the prosecution was found to have "used the defraud clause in a way that created great confusion about the conduct claimed to be illegal," and the conviction was reversed. 875 F.2d at 1196. After
<i>Minarik</i>, defendants have frequently challenged indictments charging violations of both clauses, although many United States Courts of Appeals have found it permissible to invoke both clauses of Section 371.
<i>Arch Trading Company</i>, 987 F.2d at 1092 (collecting cases); <i>see also</i>
<i>United States v. Licciardi</i>, 30 F.3d 1127, 1132-33 (9th Cir. 1994)(even though the defendant may have impaired a government agency's functions, as part of a scheme to defraud another party, the government offered no evidence that the defendant intended
 to defraud the United States and a conspiracy to violate an agency regulatory scheme could not lie on such facts).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#171E24">In summary, those activities which courts have held defraud the United States under 18 U.S.C. § 371 affect the government in at least one of three ways:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#171E24">[cited in
<a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.justice.gov_usam_usam-2D9-2D42000-2Dfraud-2Dagainst-2Dthe-2Dgovernment-239-2D42.001&d=CwMFAw&c=8hUWFZcy2Z-Za5rBPlktOQ&r=iioab8BLQ6IJxt-3gLhYzf1aAvTbGVgzPJj9W_0ugn0&m=ue5U97D9BdcQo5iOTzS1VAP1k-dmsekZfKgv9iHx3ws&s=F7djvKKgYYhtW6HW6YIfuUifmF-YLBI8vujm9k71dqM&e=">
<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#6C511E;text-decoration:none">USAM 9-42.001</span></a>]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif">They cheat the government out of money or property;<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#242424;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:16.8pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo4;background:white">
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#242424">Updated December 18, 2015<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Francis A. Boyle<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Law Building<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">504 E. Pennsylvania Ave.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Champaign, IL 61820 USA<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">217-333-7954 (phone)<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">217-244-1478 (fax)<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><i><u><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">(personal comments only)<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.0in"><b>From:</b> Boyle, Francis A <br>
<b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, August 31, 2016 9:26 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:SECTNS.aals@lists.aals.org">SECTNS.aals@lists.aals.org</a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> NYT: Feddie Painter Vouches for Clinton's "ethics"<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.0in"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.0in"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">“When I was the chief White House ethics {sic!} lawyer {sic!} for President George W. Bush…”<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.0in"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.0in"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">LOLOLOL! Are we supposed to take this seriously? Bush Jr and “legal ethics? An oxymoron to be sure. As was and still is Bush Jr.’s “ethics
 lawyer.” Fab.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.0in"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.0in"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Francis A. Boyle<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.0in"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Law Building<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.0in"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">504 E. Pennsylvania Ave.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.0in"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Champaign, IL 61820 USA<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.0in"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">217-333-7954 (phone)<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.0in"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">217-244-1478 (fax)<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.0in"><b><i><u><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">(personal comments only)<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.0in"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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