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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#003300">“His work has won awards from…the Federalist Society” for HIJACKING JUSTICE! Fab.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">S P E C I A L R E P O R T<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">H I J A C K I N G J U S T I C E<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"> The Federalist Society, a Right-wing<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">network of lawyers, judges and supporters,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">is undoing civil rights and other gains<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">made through the courts<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">BY GEORGE E. CURRY & TREVOR W. COLEMAN<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">EMERGE, OCTOBER 1999<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">WHEN BROWN VS. BOARD OF EDUCATION WAS BEING ARGUED, a clerk to U.S. Supreme<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Court Justice Robert Jackson suggested that the court should rule against<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">the plaintiffs in the landmark school desegregation case. While making the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">case for maintaining segregated schools, the clerk sent a memo to his boss<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">saying, "It is about time the Court faced the fact that white people in the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">South don't like the colored people." That clerk was William Rehnquist, now<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">chief justice of the United States Supreme Court. Seeking to put his own<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">ultraconservatives on the Supreme Court with Rehnquist, President Ronald<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Reagan -- who had appointed more than half of the sitting federal judges by<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">the time he left office -- considered nominating Lino A. Graglia, a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">controversial University of Texas law professor, as a federal appeals court<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">judge for the 5th Circuit. But the nomination, which had been backed by<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Attorney General Edwin Meese III, was jettisoned after Graglia acknowledged<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">that he had referred to African-Americans as "pickaninnies." The American<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Bar Association found the law professor "not qualified" to serve on the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">federal bench.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Reagan did nominate Robert H. Bork, a former Yale law professor, who was on<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">the U.S. Court of Appeals in Washington, D.C. Bork had opposed the 1964<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Civil Rights Act, calling it "an unwanted intrusion on the right of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">individuals to choose with whom to associate." After bitter debate, the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Senate rejected his nomination in 1987 by a vote of 58 to 42.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Far from fading into the background, Bork, Meese, and to a lesser extent,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Graglia, are key players in the Federalist Society, a powerful Right-wing<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">network intent on restricting the power of courts, often at the expense of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">African-Americans and other people of color, the poor, women and the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">disadvantaged.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">The organization actively seeks to limit "judicial activism" and reverse<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Supreme Court landmark rulings since the New Deal, especially those issued<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">in the 1960s and '70s. Special targets include the 1966 Miranda decision<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">that provides certain rights for suspected criminals, the 1973 Roe vs. Wade<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">ruling legalizing abortion and recent civil rights legislation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Founded in 1982 by three law students, the Federalist Society has grown into<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">one of the most influential institutions in America. Four of the nine<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">members of the U.S. Supreme Court -- Clarence Thomas, William H. Rehnquist,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Antonin Scalia and Anthony M. Kennedy -- are close affiliates of the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Federalist Society. So are Donald P. Hodel, former president of the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Christina Coalition, and special prosecutor Kenneth Starr.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">The Federalist Society's board of trustees is co-chaired by Bork and U.S.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Sen. Orrin Hatch -- one of the most conservative members on Capitol Hill.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Other trustees include former Attorney General Meese, William Bradford<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Reynolds, who was assistant attorney general for civil rights in the Reagan<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Administration, sought to have court-ordered affirmative action programs<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">overturned, and C. Boyden Gray, former President Bush's chief White House<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">attorney, who opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1991.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">In a world being reshaped by the Federalist Society, conservative law<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">students have formed chapters on campuses across the nation. After<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">graduation, they clerk for conservative judges and then go on to become<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">high-ranking government officials, partners in major law firms, prosecutors,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">law school professors and judges at the local, state and federal level. In<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">short, the Federalist Society is on the verge of hijacking the judicial<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">system.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">"This is more than an attack on affirmative action being spear-headed by the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Federalist Society lawyers," observes Francis A. Boyle, a law professor at<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">the University of Illinois. "They want to go beyond getting rid of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">affirmative action. They want to go back to Brown vs. Board of Education.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">"We have Justice Antonin Scalia (who advised the Federalist Society at its<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">inception and later hired two of its three founders as his law clerks), who<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">two years ago gave a public lecture at Columbia Law School where he stated<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">if Brown vs. Board of Education was to be presented to him today, he would<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">rule against the plaintiff. In other words, this was a threat that if Brown<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">vs. Board of Education was voted on before the Supreme Court, he would<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">overturn it."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">That type of thinking disturbs Lawrence E. Walsh. Before becoming president<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">of the American Bar Association in 1975, Walsh chaired an ABA panel that<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">approved President Nixon's choices of federal appeals judges, Clement<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Haynesworth and G. Harold Carswell, to serve on the Supreme Court. In 1969,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">the Senate rejected Haynesworth because of conflict-of-interest fears. The<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">following year, Carswell was rejected by the Senate after it was disclosed<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">that he had given a speech as a lawyer expressing his "vigorous belief in<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">the principles of White supremacy."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">"My concern is there is going to be a cleavage in the courts between the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Federalist Society members and nonmembers," says Walsh, a former federal<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">judge. "Anything that perpetuates that kind of ideological cleavage is not<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">good for the unity of the court system. Ideally, it seems to me that judges<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">should avoid memberships [in politically and substantively motivated<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">organizations] but, of course, they don't do that."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">In fact, the ABA, in one of its publications on judicial independence,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">concludes: "A judge's impartiality and ability to interpret and apply the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">laws fairly are integral to the administration of justice."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">But a judge's membership in an organization -- whether it's the American<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Civil Liberties Union on the Left or the Federalist Society on the Right --<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">can influence whether a judge is perceived as being unbiased, a critical<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">element in a judicial system that prides itself on being fair.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Harold D. Pope, president of the National Bar Association, says: "People who<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">are opposing the expansion of rights and opportunities for all people in<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">this society we feel are working against America's best interest. We would<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">hope that all jurists, no matter what their prior political persuasion,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">would deal objectively with the facts of law as they come before them, as<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">they were sworn to do so when they first sat on the bench."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">The expansion of the Federalist Society, which has adopted a silhouette of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">James Madison as its symbol, comes at a time when the legal community is<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">worried about a loss of public confidence. An ABA special committee on<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">judicial independence issued a report in August titled "Protecting the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Bulwark of the Republic: Ensuring Public Support of the Judicial Process."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">The report states, "According to the ABA survey, only about half of the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">respondents believed that our justice system treats men and women equally.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Even fewer believed that courts treat members of different ethnic groups or<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">wealthy and poor people the same."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">The report continues, "As [former] ABA President [Philip S.] Anderson<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">recently stated: "We must work on this problem for as long as it takes to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">make our profession equally open and our system of justice equally<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">responsive to all members of our society, regardless of color. This is the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">ultimate challenge to the integrity of the rule of law in America.'"<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">But the Federalist Society is interested in a challenge of a different kind.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">To its credit, the organization operates with an open and very public<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">agenda. On its web page, for example, it lays out its conservative agenda.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">"The Federalist Society for Law and Public Policy Studies is a group of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">conservatives and libertarians interested in the current state of the legal<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">order. It is founded on the principles that the state exists to preserve<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">freedom, that the separation of governmental powers is central to our<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Constitution, and that it is emphatically the province and duty of the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">judiciary to say what the law is, not what it should be. The Society seeks<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">both to promote an awareness of these principles and to further their<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">application through its activities."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Even conservative write Michael Lind would call this 19th-century view "the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Confederate theory of the Constitution."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Speakers at one national Federalist Society-sponsored lawyers convention<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">proposed far-reaching judicial reforms that included the abolition of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">judicial review, limiting the powers of federal courts and stripping the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Supreme Court of jurisdiction over certain matters.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Mary Frances Berry, chair of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, is worried<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">about more than theory. "What is scary about the Federalist Society is that<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">it is antiquated and atavistic," she says. "Their views on natural law,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">libertarianism and the limited power of government to respond when people<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">are being discriminated against is scary -- for African-Americans,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">especially. The more people you have who expose those views on the court,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">the more dangerous it becomes for every one of our lives."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">In this book, Firewall: The Iran-Contra Conspiracy and Cover Up, Walsh<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">writes: "In calling for the narrow construction of constitutional grants of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">governmental power, the Federalist Society seemed to speak for right-wing<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Republicans. I was especially troubled that one of White House Counsel<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Boyden Gray's assistants had openly declared that no one who was not a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">member of the Federalist Society had received a judicial appointment from<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">President Bush."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Brian W. Jones, a San Francisco lawyer and member of the Federalist Society,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">believes that his group is being maligned.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">"I reject out of hand that Federalists are hostile to civil rights," says<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Jones, an African-American who was deputy legal affairs secretary to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">California Gov. Pete Wilson and former counsel to Hatch's Senate Judiciary<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Committee. "Most members of the Federalist Society would agree that the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">government has no business making racial distinctions of any kind among its<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">citizens. I would argue that is a very credible view of civil rights.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">"On civil rights and civil liberty issues, Federalist Society judges tend to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">have a more limited view of the federal government's authority to respond to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">a whole range of questions. For conservatives, the first question with any<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">inquiry into responding to social problems is: Where does the authority lie,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">with the federal government or state and local governments?"<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Another African-American, Gerald Reynolds, is vice chairman of membership<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">for the Federalist Society. "There are some people who embrace this<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">principle of racial neutrality," says the Kansas City, Mo., lawyer. "This<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">debate flows from principles and not from animosity toward Blacks."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">The national office of the Federalist Society in Washington, D.C., refused<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">to provide the names of judges on its membership list. However, some of the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">organization's records were obtained by Emerge from other sources.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">An examination of Federalist Society documents for 1997 and 1998, the most<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">current information available at press time, reveals the extent that the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">group has penetrated the courts. When looking at the board of directors of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">local chapters, officers, their advisory panels and membership lists, it is<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">clear that when one goes to court seeking justice, he or she is increasingly<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">likely to have a judge affiliated with the Federalist Society handling the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">case. During the period studied, that was true whether one was entering a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">courtroom in New York, Michigan or Alabama. (The titles of persons listed<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">hereafter reflect the positions they held at the time the records were<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">compiled by the Federalist Society; some of the judges have since been<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">elevated to a higher court.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">In New York state, judges serving as officers, directors or advisers to the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">local chapters included Thomas P. Griesa, chief judge of the U.S. District<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Court, Southern District of New York, as well as District Judges Shirley<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Wohl Kram, Lawrence M. McKenna and John E. Sprizzo. A U.S. Appeals Court<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Judge for the Second Circuit, Dennis G. Jacobs, was also among that group.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">The Long Island advisory board included U.S. District Judge Michael<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Fiechter, U.S. Court of International Trade Judge Gregory W. Carman and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">State Supreme Court Judges Jack Dunne and Ute Lally.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">In Michigan, judges aligned with the Federalist Society included James L.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Ryan and Richard F. Suhreinrich of the U.S. Court of Appeals; Federal<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">District Judges Paul V. Gadola, David W. McKeague, Gerald E. Rosen and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Lawrence P. Zatkoff; and U.S. Magistrate Judge Virginia M. Morgan. State<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Supreme Court Justices Clifford W. Taylor and Elizabeth A. Weaver were<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">listed as advisers to the Detroit chapter. So were Maura D. Corrigan, chief<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">judge of the Michigan Court of Appeals, along with fellow judges Stephen J.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Markman, Henry W. Saad, and Robert Young Jr. (an African-American who has<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">since been elevated to the Michigan Supreme Court). The chief judge of the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Washtenaw County Circuit Court in Grand Rapids, Kurtis T. Wilder (another<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">African-Americana who is now on the Michigan Court of Appeals), and Wayne<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">County Circuit Judges Sean Cox, Michael J. Talbot and Brian Zahra helped<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">complete the list.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Local chapters in Alabama were advised by Perry O. Hooper Sr., chief justice<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">of the Supreme Court of Alabama, along with Associate Justices J. Gorman<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Houston, Harold See and A. Hugh Maddox. U.S. Sen. Jefferson B. Sessions III<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">also supported the organization. (Sessions was nominated to become a federal<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">judge in 1986 but was blocked when it was disclosed that he had called the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">NAACP and the American Civil Liberties Union "un-American" and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">"communist-inspired," and said they "force civil rights down the throats of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">people." Referring to the Ku Klux Klan, he reportedly said, "I used to think<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">they're OK," until he learned that some Klansmen were "pot smokers."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Sessions contended the remarks were either made in jest or had been<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">misinterpreted.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Additional supporters listed included Randall T. Shepard, chief justice of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">the Indiana Supreme Court; Craig Enoch, chief justice of the Texas Supreme<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Court; South Carolina Attorney General Charles Molony Condon; Alabama<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Attorney General William Pryor (who has links on his web page to the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Federalist Society and the conservative Washington Legal Foundation),<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Pennsylvania Attorney General D. Michael Fisher; Indianapolis Mayor Stephen<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Goldsmith and Clarence Thomas' wife, Virginia, a former aide to House<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">majority leader Richard Armey, and who now works for the Heritage<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Foundation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">As the presiding officials in courts, judges wield broad power. For example,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">U.S. District Judge Neal B. Biggers Jr., who sits on the advisory board of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">the Mississippi chapter of the Federalist Society, presided over the Ayers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">desegregation case. In 1975, Jake Ayers Sr., a Mississippi sharecropper,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">sued the state on behalf of his son, charging that the state's higher<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">education system discriminated against African-Americans and historically<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Black colleges.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">In 1987, Biggers upheld the state College Board's contention that<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Mississippi's higher education system was no longer racially discriminatory.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">The Supreme Court reversed Biggers in 1991 and ordered him to remove any<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">vestiges of past discrimination.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">The power of the Federalist Society is not limited to the judiciary, which<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">would be concern enough. Its tentacles extend deep into corporate America.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Listed members of its business advisory council included John Stewart Bryan,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">III, chairman, president and C.E.O. of Media General Cable; John G. Medlin<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Jr., board chair of Wachovia Corp., an interstate bank holding company;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Geneva Steel C.E.O. Joseph Cannon and Robert L. Strickland, chairman of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Lowe's Companies. Also affiliated with the Federalist Society are Brian J.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Brille and David Panton of Morgan Stanley financial services in New York;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">William Haraf of Bank of America in San Francisco; Chris Ekren of Sony Corp.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">in San Jose, Calif.; Frank Blake of General Electric in Schenechtedy, N.Y.;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Philip R. Lochner Jr., senior vice president, Time Warner Inc. in New York;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">William Kemp of General Motors in Warren, Mich.; Edward Whelan of GTE<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Corp.'s Washington office; David Askin of Exxon Co. in Baytown, Texas;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Marsha Rabiteau of Dow Chemical in Midland, Mich.; F. James Tennies, chief<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">administrative officer at Legg Mason for asset management in Baltimore; Jodi<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Balsam, counsel for operations and litigation for the National Football<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">League and Tom Donahue of Metropolitan Life.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Even federal employees in the Clinton administration were included in<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Federalist Society documents: Paul-Noel Chretien of the Justice Department;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Theodore Cooperstein of the FBI; Carol Crawford of the International Trade<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Commission; Kevin Martin of the Federal Communications Commission and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Christopher Holleman of the U.S. Small Business Administration. William<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Saunders of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights also backs the Society.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Many of the nation's blue-chip law firms have attorneys associated with the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Federalist Society. Those listed included lawyers in the Washington, D.C.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">law firms of Arnold and Porter; Covington & Burling; Steptoe & Johnson;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Hogan & Hartson; Patton, Boaggs & Blow; and Wilmer, Cutler & Pickering. New<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">York law firms with lawyers associated with the Federalist Society include:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Cravath, Swaine & Moore; White & Case and Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton &<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Garrison. In Boston, one law firm -- Hale and Door -- has at least 10<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">attorneys affiliated with the Federalist Society.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">The list of law professors associated with the society included Ronald A.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Cass, dean of Boston University's law school; Michael Young of Columbia<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">University; John Yoo of the University of California at Berkeley; Eugene<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Volokh of UCLA; Northwestern University professors Gary Lawson, Daniel D.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Polsby and Stephen B. Presser; Robert P. George of Princeton; Gerard Bradley<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">of Notre Dame; Gordon B. Baldwin of the University of Wisconsin, Olan B.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Lowry of Temple; Johathan Macey and Richard Painter of Cornell; Ronald D.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Rotunda of the University of Illinois; Gerald T. Dunn of St. Louis<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">University and Thomas Morgan of George Washington University.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">The University of Virginia, one of the best law schools in the nation, has<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">quite a few Federalist Society professors or sympathizers on its faculty,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">including John Norton Moore, Robert Turner, Erika Worth Harris and Lillian<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">BeVier.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">"People have to understand, whether they like lawyers or not, law schools<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">have an enormous amount of power, whether it's power for good or evil.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Unfortunately, what we are seeing under the Federalist Society is law<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">schools and legal education being used to promote racism, bigotry and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Right-wing politics. These people believe in the Bell Curve," says Prof.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Boyle of the University of Illinois, referring to a controversial theory by<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Charles Murray and Richard J. Herrnstein about the supposed low intelligence<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">level of some non-Whites. "You have to understand that. Just as the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Federalist Society did to the federal judiciary, they are now trying to do<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">to law schools."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Boyle and others say this is done by establishing well-endowed law<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">professorships and speaking tours for the true believers. "Where they once<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">were scholars with Right-wing foundations like the Heritage Foundation,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">American Enterprise Institute and the Cato Institute, they are now getting<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">credentialed as law professors," he notes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">No comparable movement exists among progressives, which may explain why<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">civil rights groups and liberals are doing such a feeble job defending<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">affirmative action.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">"We've got to realize that while we have been dillydallying in law schools<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">with critical race theories and penetrating the Law Review, all this is<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">chump change to [Federalists]," observes Berry, of the U.S. Commission on<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Civil Rights. "It's like we were out playing whiffle ball while they were<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">exercising power."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">The Federalist Society was founded 17 years ago by Yale Law School student<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Steven G. Calabresi and two counterparts at the University of Chicago School<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">of Law, Lee Liberman and David McIntosh. All three were undergraduates<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">together at Yale. Upset with what they perceived as liberal bias, the three<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">decided to form an organization for conservative law students. Yale<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">professors Robert H. Bork and Ralph K. Winter, both of whom would be<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">appointed to the federal bench by Ronald Reagan, served as advisers to the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Yale chapter. In Chicago, future U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">served in a similar capacity.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">The contacts the three made as students have proven to be invaluable.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Calabresi, in addition to clerking for Bork and Winter, clerked for Scalia<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">at the Supreme Court. He is now a law professor at Northwestern University.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Liberman gave up a post in the Justice Department also to clerk for Scalia.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">She is now Lee Liberman Otis and is chief counsel for Sen. Spencer Abraham<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">(R-Mich.), who founded a Federalist Society chapter at Harvard. McIntosh was<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">a special assistant to Ed Meese when he was Reagan's attorney general; he is<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">a three-term Republican Congressman who's considering running for governor<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">of Indiana. In addition to a board of trustees, the society has a board of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">directors, co-chaired by Calabresi and McIntosh.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">The Federalist pipeline is a well-oiled old boy -- and sometimes girl --<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">network. For example, Brent O. Hatch, the son of Sen. Orrin Hatch, clerked<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">for Robert Bork when he was a federal judge in Washington, D.C. After<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">working in the Justice Department, young Hatch was appointed general counsel<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">of the National Endowment for the Humanities at the age of 28. He is<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">treasurer of the Federalist Society's board of directors.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">The organization has been funded by wealthy conservatives, such as Richard<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Mellon Scaife, who is vice chair of the Heritage Foundation's board, and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">another board member, Holland Coors, a member of the conservative Coors<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">family. Many contributions are made through foundations that give to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Right-wing causes, including the John M. Olin Foundation in New York, the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Sarah Scaife Foundation in Pittsburgh, the Lynde and Harry Bradley<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Foundation of Milwaukee and the Deer Creek Foundation in St. Louis.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">The Federalists have direct ties to Right-wing think tanks seeking to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">dismantle affirmative action at the local, state and federal levels. The<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Center for Individual Rights, which successfully argued the Hopwood case<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">that banned affirmative action at the University of Texas, represents<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">plaintiffs in a lawsuit pending against the University of Michigan and were<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">lawyers for supporters of Proposition 209, the anti-affirmative action<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">measure in California. The Washington Legal Foundation sued the University<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">of Maryland, forcing it to drop its Benjamin Banneker scholarships for<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">African-American scholars; the Southeastern Legal Foundation is leading an<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">all-out assault on affirmative action in Atlanta, and the Institute for<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Justice led the attack on Lani Guinier, then a University of Pennsylvania<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">law professor, who was President Clinton's first choice to be assistant U.S.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">attorney general for civil rights. Clint Bolick, the group's vice president,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">dismissed Guinier as a "quota queen," and the eventual nominee, Deval L.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Patrick, as a "quota king." He also led the opposition to the appointment of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Bill Lann Lee, who was later named acting assistant attorney general for<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">civil rights.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">When first lady Hillary Rodham Clinton said that there was a "vast<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Right-wing conspiracy" afoot that had been hounding her husband since he<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">first announced for president, some Right-wingers almost laughingly<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">dismissed her charges. Special Prosecutor Ken Starr called the comments<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">"nonsense." And Boston Herald columnist Joe Fitzgerald said the first lady<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">had "wandered into paranoia."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">But information developed by the Institute for Democracy Studies, a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">nonprofit research and education organization in New York, confirms that the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">first lady was on the mark.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">In the executive summary of its report, "The Assault on Affirmative Action:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">An Organized Challenge to Racial and Gender Justice," the organization<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">notes, "Once a month at the Heritage Foundation, representatives of the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">nation's leading conservative law groups get together for a 'luncheon.' This<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">so-called Public Interest Legal Group meeting is just one of several monthly<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">gatherings that right-wing law groups hold."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">The report continues: "These meetings serve the purpose of avoiding<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">duplication of effort, airing future plans, and providing guidance for an<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">appropriate organizational division of labor."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">In an interview with Emerge, Todd G. Young, director of research and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">communications for the Atlanta-based Southeastern Legal Foundation, confirms<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">that Right-wing groups collaborate.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">"We read each other's briefs (as they are filed) and when there are updates<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">published by other groups," he says. "Although we are separate entities, we<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">share some common understandings about the Constitutions and our (mission)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">statements are really almost identical for the organizations."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Of its recent lawsuit against Atlanta's affirmative action program, Young<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">notes: "We're refining the definition of what it means to enjoy equal<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">protection under the law and the first step is to end any<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">government-sanctioned discrimination, such as affirmative action programs or<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">racial preference programs. It's philosophically inconsistent to say it was<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">bad then [in the 1950s and 1960s] but it's OK now."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Atlanta Mayor Bill Campbell says it's not OK to discard programs devised to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">address discrimination against African-Americans.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">"Conservative legal interest groups, such as the Center for Individual<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Rights and the Southeastern Legal Foundation, are striking at the very heart<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">of the civil rights gains of the '50s and '60s," explains Campbell. "These<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">groups are, in essence, a homogenized version of the Klan. They may have<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">traded in their sheets for suits and use different language, but it's the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">same old racism -- just old wine in new bottles."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">The Federalist Society takes its name from The Federalist papers, 85<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">articles originally published in New York newspapers between 1787 and 1788.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">The authors -- Alexander Hamilton, John Jay and James Madison -- were<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">attempting to gain popular support for the adoption of a new Constitution.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">"Is The Federalist the key to what the Constitution's framers and adopters<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">intended it to mean and how they expected it to function?" asked R. B.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Bernstein, a constitutional historian who wrote the foreword to The<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Federalist, a recent reissue of the papers. "This subset of the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">original-intent controversy tends to pit many historians, who remain dubious<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">about original-intent arguments, against many legal scholars, who seek a way<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">to limit judicial discretion by anchoring constitutional interpretation in<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">the Constitution's origins."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Bernstein argued that the public should not look at the essays, all written<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">under one pen name, as the definitive word on how the Constitution should be<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">interpreted.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">"Jay was not a delegate to the Federal Convention, which framed the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Constitution...[Hamilton] left the Convention in July, not returning until<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">two weeks before its close in September. And Madison...found himself<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">outvoted on a host of major issues," Bernstein noted.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Moreover, as The Federalist papers became the classic commentary on the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Constitution, the three men publicly identified themselves as the authors.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Even that was not without controversy. Before his ill-fated duel with Aaron<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Burr, Hamilton tried to take credit for writing papers 18-20, 49-58 and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">62-63. Madison made an identical claim of authorship, which was verified<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">through a computer analysis in 1964.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">The most damning fact about today's Federalists is that they advocate a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">limited role for the federal government, while the early founders were<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">interested in establishing a strong central government.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Some civil rights leaders, including Theodore M. Shaw, associate<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">director-counsel of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund Inc., view<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">the rhetoric of the modern-day Federalists as smokescreen for an assault on<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">civil rights.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">"It's ideologically out of the mainstream and a part of the radically<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">conservative agenda and the radically conservative agenda has never served<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">the interest of African-Americans," Shaw says.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Hilary O. Shelton, Washington bureau chief of the NAACP, is less charitable:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">"They are not conservative. They are very consistent with the Council of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Conservative Citizens," a White supremacy group that has featured Senate<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Majority Leader Trent Lott (R-Miss.) and Rep. Bob Barr (R-Ga.) as speakers.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Surprisingly, some of the harshest criticism of Federalist Society members<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">has come from Republicans. For example, former Attorney General Meese, a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">main player in the Federalist movement, has been criticized by some of his<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">colleagues in the Reagan administration.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">According to The Washington Post, James A. Baker III and Michael K. Deaver<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">referred to Meese as the "Big Bigot," and conservatives referred to his top<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">assistant, T. Kenneth Cribb Jr., as the "Baby Bigot." Cribb sits on the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">board of directors of the Federalist Society and is a trustee of the Scaife<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Foundation, a major contributor to the Federalist Society and other<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Right-wing causes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Graglia, who has taught at the University of Texas since 1966, touched off a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">controversy two years ago, when he said, "Blacks and Mexican Americans are<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">not academically competitive with Whites in selective institutions."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">According to Graglia, "It is the result primarily of cultural effects.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Failure is not looked upon with disgrace."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">He maintains his membership in the Federalist Society.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">"They certainly are unenthusiastic about civil rights laws," he says of his<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">organization. "Richard Epstein [a law professor at the University of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Chicago] thinks we will be better off if civil rights laws were all<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">repealed. These people do believe, as I believe, that so-called civil rights<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">have gone too far and are not civil rights at all."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Because so many of the Federalist Society members are seen as opposing civil<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">rights, some people are not quick to accept their professed interest in<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">color-blind justice.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">U.S. Appeals Court Judge Stephen Reinhardt of the 9th Circuit observes, "We<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">had the Civil War over states' rights. There is no question we are going<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">back to the pre-Civil War view of governments."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Former federal Judge Lawrence Walsh puts it more bluntly.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">"The impression I have is they are trying to return to the 18th century and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">undo the work of the Supreme Court since the New Deal," Walsh says. "And I<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">think it is wrong to put someone on the court who has a pre-commitment with<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">a political dogma, whether it's the Ku Klux Klan or the Federalist Society."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"> -- Additional reporting by<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Lottie L. Joiner<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#003300"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#003300"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#003300">Francis A. Boyle<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#003300">Law Building<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#003300">504 E. Pennsylvania Ave.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#003300">Champaign, IL 61820 USA<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#003300">217-333-7954 (phone)<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#003300">217-244-1478 (fax)<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#003300">(personal comments only)<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#003300"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<div>
<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b>From:</b> Boyle, Francis A <br>
<b>Sent:</b> Thursday, September 08, 2016 9:37 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> 'chicago@worldcantwait.net' <chicago@worldcantwait.net>; 'Amanda Bass' <abass10@gmail.com>; 'C. G. Estabrook' <cge@shout.net>; 'C. G. Estabrook' <carl@newsfromneptune.com>; 'Peace Discuss' <peace-discuss@anti-war.net>; 'David Johnson' <davidjohnson1451@comcast.net>;
'Stuart Levy' <stuartnlevy@gmail.com>; 'Karen Medina' <kmedina67@gmail.com>; Szoke, Ron <r-szoke@illinois.edu>; 'Mildred O'brien' <moboct1@aim.com>; 'peace@lists.chambana.net' <peace@lists.chambana.net>; 'davegreen84@yahoo.com' <davegreen84@yahoo.com>; Readel,
Karin <kereadel@illinois.edu>; Estabrook, Carl G <galliher@illinois.edu>; 'Belden Fields' <a-fields@uiuc.edu>; 'jmachota@shout.net' <jmachota@shout.net>; 'Vietnam Veterans Against the War Mailing List' <vvawnet@prairienet.org>; 'Bryan Savage' <bryan@sneezingdogs.com>;
Hoffman, Valerie J <vhoffman@illinois.edu>; Miller, Joseph Thomas <jtmiller@illinois.edu>; 'sherwoodross10@gmail.com' <sherwoodross10@gmail.com>; 'David Swanson' <davidcnswanson@gmail.com>; 'Karen Aram' <karenaram@hotmail.com><br>
<b>Subject:</b> RE: LECTURE @ ILLINOIS: Akhil Reed Amar, Yale University supports Killer Koh<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#993366">What good is this Yale Law Mafia Faculty Professor if he beat up on a handful of courageous NYU Law Students on behalf of Yale
Law Mafia Faculty Killer Koh? He’s just a THUG!<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#993366">fab<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#993366"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#993366">Francis A. Boyle<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#993366">Law Building<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#993366">504 E. Pennsylvania Ave.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#993366">Champaign, IL 61820 USA<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#993366">217-333-7954 (phone)<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#993366">217-244-1478 (fax)<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><i><u><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#993366">(personal comments only)<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#993366"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<div>
<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.0in"><b>From:</b> Boyle, Francis A <br>
<b>Sent:</b> Thursday, September 08, 2016 9:05 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> 'chicago@worldcantwait.net' <<a href="mailto:chicago@worldcantwait.net">chicago@worldcantwait.net</a>>; 'Amanda Bass' <<a href="mailto:abass10@gmail.com">abass10@gmail.com</a>>; 'C. G. Estabrook' <<a href="mailto:cge@shout.net">cge@shout.net</a>>;
'C. G. Estabrook' <<a href="mailto:carl@newsfromneptune.com">carl@newsfromneptune.com</a>>; 'Peace Discuss' <<a href="mailto:peace-discuss@anti-war.net">peace-discuss@anti-war.net</a>>; 'David Johnson' <<a href="mailto:davidjohnson1451@comcast.net">davidjohnson1451@comcast.net</a>>;
'Stuart Levy' <<a href="mailto:stuartnlevy@gmail.com">stuartnlevy@gmail.com</a>>; 'Karen Medina' <<a href="mailto:kmedina67@gmail.com">kmedina67@gmail.com</a>>; Szoke, Ron <<a href="mailto:r-szoke@illinois.edu">r-szoke@illinois.edu</a>>; 'Mildred O'brien'
<<a href="mailto:moboct1@aim.com">moboct1@aim.com</a>>; 'peace@lists.chambana.net' <<a href="mailto:peace@lists.chambana.net">peace@lists.chambana.net</a>>; 'davegreen84@yahoo.com' <<a href="mailto:davegreen84@yahoo.com">davegreen84@yahoo.com</a>>; Readel,
Karin <<a href="mailto:kereadel@illinois.edu">kereadel@illinois.edu</a>>; Estabrook, Carl G <<a href="mailto:galliher@illinois.edu">galliher@illinois.edu</a>>; 'Belden Fields' <<a href="mailto:a-fields@uiuc.edu">a-fields@uiuc.edu</a>>; 'jmachota@shout.net'
<<a href="mailto:jmachota@shout.net">jmachota@shout.net</a>>; 'Vietnam Veterans Against the War Mailing List' <<a href="mailto:vvawnet@prairienet.org">vvawnet@prairienet.org</a>>; 'Bryan Savage' <<a href="mailto:bryan@sneezingdogs.com">bryan@sneezingdogs.com</a>>;
Hoffman, Valerie J <<a href="mailto:vhoffman@illinois.edu">vhoffman@illinois.edu</a>>; Miller, Joseph Thomas <<a href="mailto:jtmiller@illinois.edu">jtmiller@illinois.edu</a>>; 'sherwoodross10@gmail.com' <<a href="mailto:sherwoodross10@gmail.com">sherwoodross10@gmail.com</a>>;
'David Swanson' <<a href="mailto:davidcnswanson@gmail.com">davidcnswanson@gmail.com</a>>; 'Karen Aram' <<a href="mailto:karenaram@hotmail.com">karenaram@hotmail.com</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> FW: LECTURE @ ILLINOIS: Akhil Reed Amar, Yale University supports Killer Koh<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.0in"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.0in"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">This is the Yale Law Mafia Faculty Brother of our Yale Law Mafia Dean
<u>who beat up on the</u> <u>NYU Law students</u> like Amanda on behalf of Yale Law Mafia Faculty Killer Koh. DISGUSTING! I am not going to dignify his lecture with my presence. Ditto for his “free speech” panel listed below.. The Yale Law Mafia Faculty and
the Illinois Law Mafia <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.0in"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Faculty are just two Gangs of Thugs. Let’s Take Back Our Constitution from these Legal Elite Thugs!<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.0in"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.0in"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Fab<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.0in"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.0in"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.0in"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Francis A. Boyle<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.0in"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Law Building<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.0in"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">504 E. Pennsylvania Ave.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.0in"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Champaign, IL 61820 USA<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.0in"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">217-333-7954 (phone)<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.0in"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">217-244-1478 (fax)<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.0in"><b><i><u><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">(personal comments only)<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.5in"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-left:1.5in;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Gill Sans MT",sans-serif"><a href="http://law.illinois.edu/events/4598">View event details</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-left:1.5in;text-align:center"><span style="font-family:"Gill Sans MT",sans-serif"><img border="0" width="493" height="653" style="width:5.1319in;height:6.7986in" id="Picture_x0020_1" src="cid:image001.png@01D209B5.6FBD4050"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-left:1.5in;text-align:center"><span style="font-family:"Gill Sans MT",sans-serif"><br>
</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#555555;background:white">Following the lecture, consider attending the "</span><a href="http://law.illinois.edu/events/4599"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#2E5AA3;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in;background:white;text-decoration:none">Free
Speech on Campus</span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#555555;background:white">"<br>
panel discussion at the Illini Union, Room A.</span><span style="font-family:"Gill Sans MT",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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