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<b style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;" class=""><span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">Confirmation</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">bias</span></b><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">(also</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">called</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><b style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;" class=""><span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">confirmatory</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">bias</span></b><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class="">or</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><b style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;" class=""><span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">myside</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">bias</span></b><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class="">)</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class="">is</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class="">a</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">tendency</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class="">of</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">people</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class="">to</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">favor</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">information</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">that</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">confirms </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">their</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">beliefs</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class="">or</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hypothesis" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(36, 132, 198); -webkit-transition: all 0.2s linear; transition: all 0.2s linear; font-weight: 700;" class="">hypotheses</a><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class="">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; box-sizing: inherit;"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Confirmation+bias#cite_note-1" style="box-sizing: inherit; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(36, 132, 198); transition: all 0.2s linear; -webkit-transition: all 0.2s linear; font-weight: 700;" class=""><span style="box-sizing: inherit;" class="">[</span>Note
1<span style="box-sizing: inherit;" class="">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-plous233_2-0" class="reference" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; box-sizing: inherit;"><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Confirmation+bias#cite_note-plous233-2" style="box-sizing: inherit; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(36, 132, 198); transition: all 0.2s linear; -webkit-transition: all 0.2s linear; font-weight: 700;" class=""><span style="box-sizing: inherit;" class="">[</span>1<span style="box-sizing: inherit;" class="">]</span></a></sup><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">People</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">display</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">this</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">bias</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">when</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">they</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">gather</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class="">or</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">remember</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">information</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">selectively,</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class="">or</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">when </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">they</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">interpret</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class="">it</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class="">in</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class="">a</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Cognitive+bias" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(36, 132, 198); -webkit-transition: all 0.2s linear; transition: all 0.2s linear; font-weight: 700;" class="">biased
way</a><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class="">.</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">The</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">effect</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class="">is</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">stronger</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">for</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">emotionally</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">charged</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">issues</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">and</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">for</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">deeply</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">entrenched</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">beliefs.</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">They </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">also</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">tend</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class="">to</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">interpret</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">ambiguous</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">evidence</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class="">as</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">supporting</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">their</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">existing</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">position.</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">Biased</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">search,</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">interpretation</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">and</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">memory </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">have</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">been</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">invoked</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class="">to</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">explain</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">attitude</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">polarization</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">(when</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class="">a</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">disagreement</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">becomes</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">more</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">extreme</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">even</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">though</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">the</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">different </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">parties</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">are</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">exposed</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class="">to</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">the</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">same</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">evidence),</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">belief</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">perseverance</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">(when</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">beliefs</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">persist</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">after</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">the</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">evidence</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">for</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">them</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class="">is</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">shown</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class="">to
be</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">false),</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">the</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">irrational</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">primacy</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">effect</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class="">(a</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">greater</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">reliance</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class="">on</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">information</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">encountered</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">early</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class="">in</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class="">a</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">series)</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">and</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Illusory+correlation" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(36, 132, 198); -webkit-transition: all 0.2s linear; transition: all 0.2s linear; font-weight: 700;" class="">illusory
correlation</a><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">(when</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">people</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">falsely</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">perceive</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class="">an</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">association</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">between</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">two</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">events</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class="">or</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class=""> </span><span class="hvr" style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: inherit;">situations).</span><br class="">
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<p style="box-sizing: inherit; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; min-width: 200px; margin: 10px 0px 6px; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class="">
A <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">series</span> of <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">experiments</span> in <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">the</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">1960s</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">suggested</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">that</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">people</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">are</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">biased</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">toward</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">confirming</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">their</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">existing</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">beliefs.</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">Later</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">work</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">re-interpreted</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">these</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">results</span> as a <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">tendency</span> to <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">test</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">ideas</span> in a <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">one-sided</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">way,</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">focusing</span> on <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">one</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">possibility</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">and</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">ignoring</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">alternatives.</span>In <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">certain</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">situations,</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">this</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">tendency</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">can</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">bias</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">people's</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">conclusions.</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">Explanations</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">for</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">the</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">observed</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">biases</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">include</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">wishful </span><span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">thinking</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">and</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">the</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">limited</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">human</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">capacity</span> to <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">process</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">information.</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">Another</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">explanation</span> is <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">that</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">people</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">show</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">confirmation</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">bias </span><span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">because</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">they</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">are</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">weighing</span> up <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">the</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">costs</span> of <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">being</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">wrong,</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">rather</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">than</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">investigating</span> in a <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">neutral,</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">scientific</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">way.</span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: inherit; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; min-width: 200px; margin: 10px 0px 6px; color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" class="">
<span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">Confirmation</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">biases</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">contribute</span> to <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Overconfidence+effect" style="box-sizing: inherit; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(36, 132, 198); transition: all 0.2s linear; -webkit-transition: all 0.2s linear; font-weight: 700;" class="">overconfidence</a> in <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">personal</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">beliefs</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">and</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">can</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">maintain</span> or <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">strengthen</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">beliefs</span> in <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">the</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">face</span> of <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">contrary</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">evidence.</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">Poor</span> <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Decision+making" style="box-sizing: inherit; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(36, 132, 198); transition: all 0.2s linear; -webkit-transition: all 0.2s linear; font-weight: 700;" class="">decisions</a> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">due</span> to <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">these</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">biases</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">have</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">been</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">found</span> in <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">political</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">and</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">organizational</span> <span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">contexts.</span></p>
<div class=""><span class="hvr" style="box-sizing: inherit;">— Wikipedia</span></div>
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