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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:olive">If you are interested in reading the legal arguments I used to defend those arrested and prosecuted for opposing Reagan et al including Killer Koh for every
hideous atrocity they inflicted on innocent people all over the world, they are set forth in my book Defending Civil Resistance Under International Law (Transnational Publishers Inc. 1987).
</span></b><b><i><u><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:red">This Nazi Law Faculty</span></u></i></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:red">
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:olive">could not care less when they invited
</span></b><b><i><u><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:red">Killer</span></u></i></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:olive">
</span></b><b><i><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:red">Koh</span></i></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:olive"> to come out here and Campaign for
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:red">Killer</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:olive">
</span></b><b><i><u><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:red">Clinton</span></u></i></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:olive"> on October 28, 2016.
</span></b><b><i><u><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:red">Let them all be relegated to the proverbial Ashcan of History!<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:olive">Fab<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:olive">Ed Norton Professor of Law<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:olive">Carl Schmitt College of Law: “Mein Fuhrer, I can walk!”<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Defending Civil Resistance Under International Law<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"> by Francis A. Boyle<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"> Since the Reagan administration's ascent to power in 1981, thousands of American citizens have engaged in various forms of non-violent civil resistance activities
in order to protest against distinct elements of U.S. foreign policy that violate basic principles of international law. These citizen protests have led to numerous arrests and prosecutions by federal, state, and local governments around the country. The
author has given advice, counsel and assistance to individuals and groups who have engaged in acts of non-violent civil resistance directed against several aspects of the U.S. government's foreign policy: the Nuclear Freeze Movement, the Sanctuary Movement,
the Anti-Apartheid Movement, the Plowshares, and the Pledge of Resistance, among others. He has also participated in the defense of individuals who are not part of formal movements but nevertheless resorted to non-violent civil resistance to protest the U.S.
government's policies on nuclear weapons, Central America, Southern Africa, and the Middle East. Because of these experiences, he drew up a set of rules and materials for criminal defense attorneys who seek to defend those who have engaged in acts of non-violent
civil resistance by utilizing considerations of international law in the courtroom. This book should be of interest to all those who are members of these movements, or who are contemplating joining them, in order to inform themselves on the best legal arguments
in defense of such activities. The book contains extensive materials analyzing the illegality of the U.S. government's foreign policies toward nuclear weapons, Central America, Southern Africa, and the Middle East in a manner that can be readily comprehended
and used by non-experts as well.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"> Defending Civil Resistance Under International Law<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"> When you "step across the line" at the Nevada Test Site, at a military base or at your local federal building, you are probably protected by International Law.
Our treaties (like the Partial Test Ban Treaty) and the Nuremburg Principles provide you with a legal defense against arrest and imprisonment when you commit acts of "civil resistance" against our government's illegal warmaking. A number of juries have returned
"not guilty" verdicts after hearing this defense.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"> The presentation of this defense allows you to educate the jurors, the judge and the prosecutors--maximizing the impact of your action.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"> Dr. Francis Boyle's landmark book tells you how to run your own legal defense of civil resistance actions.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"> This book is a must for any person who has taken part in a civil resistance action, or who has contemplated doing so. See how this defense can not only give
you your best chance to avoid jail, but can also advance the cause for which you risked arrest.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"> At this low price, this volume should be on the shelf of every person interested in civil resistance or international law.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Francis A. Boyle<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Law Building<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:olive"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:olive"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:olive">Francis A. Boyle<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:olive">Law Building<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:olive">504 E. Pennsylvania Ave.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:olive">Champaign IL 61820 USA<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:olive">217-333-7954 (phone)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:olive">217-244-1478 (fax)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:olive">(personal comments only</span></b><span style="color:olive">)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:olive"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:olive"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<div>
<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>From:</b> Boyle, Francis A <br>
<b>Sent:</b> Sunday, January 01, 2017 7:36 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> C. G. Estabrook <carl@newsfromneptune.com>; peace-discuss@anti-war.net; a-fields@uiuc.edu; Hoffman, Valerie J <vhoffman@illinois.edu>; Miller, Joseph Thomas <jtmiller@illinois.edu>; Szoke, Ron <r-szoke@illinois.edu>; Dave Trippel <davetrippel@ameritech.net>;
Arlene Hickory <a23h23@yahoo.com>; davidcnswanson@gmail.com; peace-discuss-request@lists.chambana.net; sherwoodross10@gmail.com; abass10@gmail.com; mickalideh@gmail.com; Lina Thorne <lina@worldcantwait.net>; chicago@worldcantwait.net; Mildred O'brien <moboct1@aim.com>;
David Johnson <davidjohnson1451@comcast.net>; Jay <futureup2us@gmail.com>; Karen Aram <karenaram@hotmail.com>; Peace@lists.chambana.net<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Sanctuary Status Response to Wars v Illinois Nazi Law School<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#003300">While Killer Koh was working for Reagan in
<i><u>1984</u></i>, justifying every hideous atrocity Reagan was then inflicting upon innocent people all over the world, I did the first draft of this Judgement against Reagan et al on the basis of the Nuremberg Charter, Judgement and Principles, and then
negotiated out the final text with the approval of my Colleagues, one of whom was my Friend Mary Kaufman, Esq. who prosecuted IG Farben at Nuremberg—RIP. I circulated this Judgement to
</span></b><b><i><u><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:red">this Nazi</span></u></i></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:red">
<i><u>Faculty of Law</u></i> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#003300">against their inviting Killer Koh and emphasized the importance of Mary signing it. They did not care! They are all just of
</span></b><b><u><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:red">Gang of Nazis</span></u></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#003300">! Not fit to educate Lawyers, Members of the Bar,
and Officers of the Court.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#003300">Fab.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#003300">Ed Norton Professor of Law<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#003300">Carl Schmitt College of Law:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#003300">“Mein Fuhrer, I can walk!”<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">B.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Western Hemisphere
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:24.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">2.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Grenada.</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> The Reagan administration's 1983 invasion of Grenada was a clear-cut violation of the UN
Charter articles 2(3), 2(4), and 33 as well as of articles 18, 20, and 21 of the Revised OAS Charter for which there was no valid excuse or justification under international law. As such, it constituted an act of aggression within the meaning of article 39
of the United Nation's Charter. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">3.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Threat of U.S. Intervention.</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> In direct violation of the basic requirement of international law mandating
the peaceful settlement of international disputes, the Reagan administration has implemented a foreign policy towards Central American that constitutes a great danger of escalation in military hostilities to the point of precipitating armed intervention by
U.S. troops into combat against both the insurgents in El Salvador and the legitimate government of Nicaragua.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">4.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">El Salvador.</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> The Reagan administration's illegal intervention inot El Salvador's civil war contravenes
the international legal right of self-determination of peoples as recognized by article 1(2) of the United Nations Charter. The Reagan administration has provided enormous amounts of military assistance to an oppressive regime that has used it to perpetrate
a gross and consistent pattern of violations of the most fundamental human rights of the people of El Salvador.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">5.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Nicaragua.</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> The Reagan administration's policy of organizing and participating in military operations
by opposition contra groups for the purpose of overthrowing the legitimate government of Nicaragua violates the terms of both the UN and OAS. Charters prohibiting the threat or use of force against the political independence of a state. The Reagan administration
has flouted its obligation to terminate immediately its support for the opposition contra groups in accordance with the Interim Order of Protection issued by the International Court of Justice on 10 May 1984.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">6.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">The International Court of Justice.</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> The Panel denounces the patently bogus attempt by the Reagan administration
to withdraw from the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice in the suit brought against it by Nicaragua for the purpose of avoiding a peaceful settlement of this dispute by the World Court in order to pursue instead a policy based upon
military intervention, lawless violence and destabilization of the legitimate government of Nicaragua.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">7.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Mining Nicaraguan Harbors.</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> The Reagan administration's mining of Nicaraguan harbors violates the rules
of international law set forth in the 1907 Hague Convention on the laying of Submarine Mines, to which both Nicaragua and the United States are parties.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#003300"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Conclusions and Judgment of Brussels Tribunal on Reagan's Foreign Policy (September 30, 1984)</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">The International Conference on the Reagan administration's foreign policy convened in Brussels from 28-30 September, 1984 under the auspices of the International Progress
Organization. Reports were submitted by international jurists and foreign policy specialists on the various aspects of the Reagan administration's foreign policy.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Among the participants of the conference were Sean McBride (Nobel Laureate, Ireland), Prof. George Wald (Nobel Laureate, Harvard University), General Edgardo Mercado Jarrin
(Peru), General Nino Pasti (former Deputy Supreme Commander of NATO) and Hortensia Bussi de Allende (Chile). The reports were presented before a panel of jurists consisting of Hon. Farouk Abu-Eissa (Sudan), attorney, former foreign minister, secretary-general
of the Arab Lawyers Union; Prof. Francis A. Boyle (U.S.A.), professor of international law from the University of Illinois, Chairman; Dr. Hans Goeran Franck (Sweden), attorney, member of the Swedish Parliament; Hon. Mirza Gholam Hafiz (Bangladesh), former
Speaker of the Bangladesh Parliament and currently a senior advocate of the Bangladesh Supreme Court; Hon. Mary M. Kaufman (U.S.A.), attorney-at-law, prosecuting attorney at the Nuremberg War Crimes Trial against I.G. Farben; Dr. Jean-Claude Njem (Cameroon),
assistant-professor at the Faculty of Law, Uppsala University and a consultant of the government; Prof. Alberto Ruiz-Eldredge (Peru), professor of law, former president of the National Council of Justice; and Dr. Muemlaz Soysal (Turkey), professor of constitutional
law, University of Ankara. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">An accusation against the international legality of the Reagan Administration's foreign policy was delivered by the Honorable Ramsey Clark, former U.S. Attorney General.
The defense was presented by a legal expert of the Reagan Administration. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Based upon all the reports and documents submitted and the arguments by the advocates, the Brussels Panel of Jurists hereby renders the following conclusions concerning
the compatibility of the Reagan Administration's foreign policy with the requirements of international law.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">A.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Introduction</span></b><b><span style="font-size:24.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">1.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">General Introduction.
</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">The Reagan administration's foreign policy constitutes a gross violation of the fundamental principles of international law enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations Organization,
as well as the basic rules of customary international law set forth in the UN General Assembly's Declaration on the Inadmissibility of Intervention in the Domestic Affairs of States and the Protection of Their Independence and Sovereignty (1965), its Declaration
on the Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation Among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations (1970), and its Definition of Aggression (1974), among others. In addition, the Reagan administration is
responsible for complicity in the commission of crimes against peace, crimes against humanity, war crimes and grave breaches of the Third and Fourth Geneva Conventions of 1949.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">B.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Western Hemisphere
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:24.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">2.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Grenada.</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> The Reagan administration's 1983 invasion of Grenada was a clear-cut violation of the UN
Charter articles 2(3), 2(4), and 33 as well as of articles 18, 20, and 21 of the Revised OAS Charter for which there was no valid excuse or justification under international law. As such, it constituted an act of aggression within the meaning of article 39
of the United Nation's Charter. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">3.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Threat of U.S. Intervention.</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> In direct violation of the basic requirement of international law mandating
the peaceful settlement of international disputes, the Reagan administration has implemented a foreign policy towards Central American that constitutes a great danger of escalation in military hostilities to the point of precipitating armed intervention by
U.S. troops into combat against both the insurgents in El Salvador and the legitimate government of Nicaragua.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">4.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">El Salvador.</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> The Reagan administration's illegal intervention inot El Salvador's civil war contravenes
the international legal right of self-determination of peoples as recognized by article 1(2) of the United Nations Charter. The Reagan administration has provided enormous amounts of military assistance to an oppressive regime that has used it to perpetrate
a gross and consistent pattern of violations of the most fundamental human rights of the people of El Salvador.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">5.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Nicaragua.</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> The Reagan administration's policy of organizing and participating in military operations
by opposition contra groups for the purpose of overthrowing the legitimate government of Nicaragua violates the terms of both the UN and OAS. Charters prohibiting the threat or use of force against the political independence of a state. The Reagan administration
has flouted its obligation to terminate immediately its support for the opposition contra groups in accordance with the Interim Order of Protection issued by the International Court of Justice on 10 May 1984.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">6.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">The International Court of Justice.</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> The Panel denounces the patently bogus attempt by the Reagan administration
to withdraw from the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice in the suit brought against it by Nicaragua for the purpose of avoiding a peaceful settlement of this dispute by the World Court in order to pursue instead a policy based upon
military intervention, lawless violence and destabilization of the legitimate government of Nicaragua.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">7.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Mining Nicaraguan Harbors.</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> The Reagan administration's mining of Nicaraguan harbors violates the rules
of international law set forth in the 1907 Hague Convention on the laying of Submarine Mines, to which both Nicaragua and the United States are parties.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">C.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Nuclear Weapons Policies</span></b><b><span style="font-size:24.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">8.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Arms Control Treaties.</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> The Reagan administration has refused to support the ratification of the Threshold
Test Ban Treaty of 1974, the Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty of 1976, and the SALT II Treaty of 1979. In addition to renouncing the longstanding objective of the U.S. government to renegotiate a comprehensive test ban treaty. As such the Reagan administration
has failed to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament as required by article 6 of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty of 1968. Similarly, the Reagan
administration's "Strategic Defense Initiative" of 1983 threatens to breach the Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems Treaty of 1972.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">9.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Pershing 2 Missiles.
</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">The deployment of the offensive, first-strike, counterforce strategic nuclear weapons system known as the Pershing 2 missile in the Federal Republic of Germany violates the non-circumvention
clause found in article 12 of the SALT II Treaty. The Reagan administration is bound to obey this prohibition pursuant to the rule of customary international law enunciated in article 18 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties to the effect that
a signatory to a treaty is obliged to refrain from acts that would defeat the object and purpose of a treaty until it has made its intention clear not to become a party.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">10.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">The MX Missile.</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> The MX missile is an offensive, first-strike, counterforce, strategic nuclear weapons
system that can serve no legitimate defensive purpose under UN Charter article 51 and the international laws of humanitarian armed conflict.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">11.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">No-First-Use.</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> In accordance with UN General Assembly Resolution 1553 of 24 November 1961, the Panel
denounces the refusal by the Reagan administration to adopt a policy mandating the no-first-use of nuclear weapons in the event of a conventional attack as required by the basic rule of international law dictating proportionality in the use of force even for
the purposes of legitimate self-defense. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">12.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">ASAT Treaty.</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> The Panel calls upon both the United States and the Soviet Union to negotiate unconditionally
over the conclusion of an anti-satellite weapons treaty.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">D.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Middle East</span></b><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">13.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Lebanon.</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> For the part it played in the planning, preparation and initiation of the 1982 Israeli invasion
of Lebanon, the Reagan administration has committed a crime against peace as defined by the Nuremberg Principles. Likewise, under the Nuremberg Principles, the Reagan administration becomes an accomplice to the crimes against humanity, war crimes and grave
breaches of the Third and Fourth Geneva Conventions of 1949 that have been committed or condoned by Israel and its allied Phalange and Haddad militia forces in Lebanon. Such complicity includes the savage massacre of genocidal character of hundreds of innocent
Palestinians and Lebanese civilians by organized unites of the Phalangist militia at the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps located in West Beirut that were then subject to control by the occupying Israeli army. The Reagan administration has totally failed to
discharge its obligation to obtain Israel's immediate and unconditional withdrawal from all parts of Lebanon as required by UN Security Council Resolutions 508 and 509 (1982), both of which are legally binding in Israel and the United States under UN Charter
article 28. This includes Israeli evacuation of southern Lebanon. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">14.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">The Palestinian Question.</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> The Reagan administration's policy toward the Palestinian people as well
as the Reagan "Peace Plan" of 1 September 1982 violates the international legal right of the Palestinian people to self-determination as recognized by UN Charter article 1(2). As recognized by numerous General Assembly resolutions, the Palestinian people have
an international legal right to create and independent and sovereign state. The Palestinian Liberation Organization has been recognized as the legitimate representative of the Palestinian people by both the United Nations General Assembly and the League of
Arab States. The Reagan administration's nonrecognition of the PLO and its attempt to brand the PLO a "terrorist" group contravene the Palestinian people's right to liberation. The panel denounces the negative attitude of the Reagan Administration towards
the call by the United Nations' Secretary General for the convocation of an international conference under the auspices of the United Nations, with the United States and the Soviet Union as co-chairmen, and with the participation of all parties involved in
the conflict including the PLO, for the purpose of obtaining a just and lasting peace in the Middle East.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">15.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Israeli Settlements.</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> The Reagan administration's declared position that Israeli settlements in the
Occupied Territories are "not illegal" is a violation of U.S. obligations under article 1 of the Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949 to ensure respect for the terms of the Convention (here article 49) by other High Contracting Parties such as Israel.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">16.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Libya.</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> The Reagan administration's dispatch of the U.S. Sixth Fleet into the Gulf of Sidra for the
purpose of precipitating armed conflict with the Libyan government constitutes a breach fo the peace under Article 39 of the UN Charter. The Reagan administration's policy to attempt to destabilize the government of Libya violates the terms of the United Nations
Charter article 2(4) prohibiting the threat or use of force directed against the political independence of a state.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">E.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Africa, Asia and the Indian Ocean</span></b><b><span style="font-size:24.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">17.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Apartheid.</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> The Panel denounces the Reagan administration's so-called policy of "constructive engagement"
toward the apartheid regime in South Africa. This specious policy encourages discrimination and oppression against the majority of the people of South Africa; it hampers effective action by the international community against apartheid and facilitates aggressive
conduct by the South African apartheid regime against neighbor states in violation of the UN Charter. As such, the Reagan administration has become an accomplice to the commission of the international crime of apartheid as recognized by the universally accepted
International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid of 1973. The Panel also denounces the cooperation between the Reagan administration and South Africa in military and nuclear matters.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">18.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Namibia.</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> The Reagan administration has refused to carry out its obligations under Security Council
Resolution 435 (1978) providing for the independence of Namibia, as required by article 25 of the UN Charter. The right of the Namibian people to self-determination had been firmly established under international law long before the outbreak of the Angolan
civil war. The Reagan administration has no right to obstruct the achievement of Namibian independence by conditioning it or "linking" it to the withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola in any way. Both the UN General Assembly and the Organization of African
Unity have recognized SWAPI as the legitimate representative of the Namibian people and the Reagan administration is obligated to negotiate with it as such.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">19.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Angola.</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> Cuban troops are in Angola at the request of the legitimate government of Angola in order
to protect it from overt and covert aggression mounted by the South African apartheid regime from Namibia. There is absolutely no international legal justification for South African aggression against Angola in order to maintain and consolidate its reprehensible
occupation of Namibia. The Angolan government has repeatedly stated that when South Africa leaves Namibia it will request the withdrawal of Cuban troops, and Cuba has agreed to withdraw its troops whenever so requested by Angola. According to the relevant
rules of international law, that is the proper sequence of events to be followed. The Reagan administration's "linkage" of the presence of the Cuban troops in Angola with the independence of Namibia encourages South African aggression against Angola, and thus
it must share in the responsibility for South Africa's genocidal acts against the people of Angola.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">20.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Indian Ocean.</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> The Reagan administration's continued military occupation of the island of Diego Garcia
violates the international right of self-determination of the people of Mauritius as recognized by the United Nations Charter. The Reagan administration has accelerated the rapid militarization of the U.S. naval base on Diego Garcia as part of its plan to
create a jumping-off point for intervention by the Rapid Deployment Force into the Persian Gulf. As such the Reagan administration 's foreign policy towards the Indian Ocean has violated the terms of the UN General Assembly's Declaration of the Indian Ocean
as a Zone of Peace (1971).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">F.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Conclusion</span></b><b><span style="font-size:24.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">21.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">United Nations Action.</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> From the foregoing, it is clear that the Reagan administration has substituted
force for the rule of international law in its conduct of foreign policy around the world. It has thus created a serious threat to the maintenance of international peace and security under article 39 of the United Nations Charter that calls for the imposition
of enforcement measures by the UN Security Council under articles 41 and 42. In the event the Reagan administration exercises its veto power against the adoption of such measures by the Security Council, the matter should be turned over the to UN General assembly
for action in accordance with the procedures set forth in the Uniting for Peace Resolution of 1950. In this way the Reagan administration's grievous international transgressions could be effectively opposed by all members of the world community in a manner
consistent with the requirements of international law.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Both the Security Council and the General Assembly should also take into account the numerous interventionist measures taken by the Reagan Administration,
whether direct or indirect, seeking to impose financial and economic policies which are contrary to the sovereign independence of states, especially in the developing world, and which severely damage the quality of life for all peoples.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Farouk Abu-Eissa<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Mary Kaufman<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Francis A. Boyle, Chairman<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Jean-Claude Njem<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Hans Goeran Franck<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Alberto Ruiz-Eldredge<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Mirza Gholam Hafiz<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Muemlaz Soysal<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Brussels, Belgium<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">30 September 1984.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Francis A. Boyle</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Law Building</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">504 E. Pennsylvania Ave.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Champaign, IL 61820 USA</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">217-333-7954 (voice)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">217-244-1478 (fax)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><a href="mailto:fboyle@law.uiuc.edu"><span style="color:blue">fboyle@law.uiuc.edu</span></a></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(personal comments only)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#003300"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#003300"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#003300">Francis A. Boyle<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#003300">Law Building<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#003300">504 E. Pennsylvania Ave.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#003300">Champaign IL 61820 USA<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#003300">217-333-7954 (phone)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#003300">217-244-1478 (fax)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#003300">(personal comments only</span></b><span style="color:#003300">)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#003300"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#003300"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<div>
<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>From:</b> Boyle, Francis A <br>
<b>Sent:</b> Sunday, January 01, 2017 6:33 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> C. G. Estabrook <<a href="mailto:carl@newsfromneptune.com">carl@newsfromneptune.com</a>>;
<a href="mailto:peace-discuss@anti-war.net">peace-discuss@anti-war.net</a>; <a href="mailto:a-fields@uiuc.edu">
a-fields@uiuc.edu</a>; Hoffman, Valerie J <<a href="mailto:vhoffman@illinois.edu">vhoffman@illinois.edu</a>>; Miller, Joseph Thomas <<a href="mailto:jtmiller@illinois.edu">jtmiller@illinois.edu</a>>; Szoke, Ron <<a href="mailto:r-szoke@illinois.edu">r-szoke@illinois.edu</a>>;
Dave Trippel <<a href="mailto:davetrippel@ameritech.net">davetrippel@ameritech.net</a>>; Arlene Hickory <<a href="mailto:a23h23@yahoo.com">a23h23@yahoo.com</a>>;
<a href="mailto:davidcnswanson@gmail.com">davidcnswanson@gmail.com</a>; <a href="mailto:peace-discuss-request@lists.chambana.net">
peace-discuss-request@lists.chambana.net</a>; <a href="mailto:sherwoodross10@gmail.com">
sherwoodross10@gmail.com</a>; <a href="mailto:abass10@gmail.com">abass10@gmail.com</a>;
<a href="mailto:mickalideh@gmail.com">mickalideh@gmail.com</a>; Lina Thorne <<a href="mailto:lina@worldcantwait.net">lina@worldcantwait.net</a>>;
<a href="mailto:chicago@worldcantwait.net">chicago@worldcantwait.net</a>; Mildred O'brien <<a href="mailto:moboct1@aim.com">moboct1@aim.com</a>>; David Johnson <<a href="mailto:davidjohnson1451@comcast.net">davidjohnson1451@comcast.net</a>>; Jay <<a href="mailto:futureup2us@gmail.com">futureup2us@gmail.com</a>>;
Karen Aram <<a href="mailto:karenaram@hotmail.com">karenaram@hotmail.com</a>>; <a href="mailto:Peace@lists.chambana.net">
Peace@lists.chambana.net</a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> RE: Sanctuary Status Response to Wars<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#993366">In addition, back around 1985-86 San Francisco wanted to expand their proposed original Sanctuary Resolution to include refugees from Apartheid South Africa.
They decided to have a debate on the matter and invited me out there to argue the case against apartheid South Africa. So I went out to UCAL Hastings Law School in San Francisco to debate a white racist law professor from Southern Methodist U Law School who
had no problems with Apartheid South Africa. That was one of the easiest debates I ever won. Killer Koh was working for Reagan while Reagan was supporting the criminal apartheid regime in South Africa. Killer Koh had no problems with apartheid South Africa—just
like the white racist law professor from SMU Law. Once again, I explained all this to
</span></b><b><i><u><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:red">this Nazi Law Faculty. They did not care.
</span></u></i></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#993366">Obviously, they had no problems with the criminal apartheid regime in South Africa either.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#993366">Fab<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#993366">Ed Norton Professor of Law<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#993366">Carl Schmitt College of Law:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#993366">“Mein Fuhrer, I can walk!”<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#993366"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#993366">Francis A. Boyle<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#993366">Law Building<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#993366">504 E. Pennsylvania Ave.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#993366">Champaign IL 61820 USA<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#993366">217-333-7954 (phone)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#993366">217-244-1478 (fax)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#993366">(personal comments only</span></b><span style="color:#993366">)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#993366"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#993366"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<div>
<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>From:</b> Boyle, Francis A <br>
<b>Sent:</b> Sunday, January 01, 2017 6:18 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> C. G. Estabrook <<a href="mailto:carl@newsfromneptune.com">carl@newsfromneptune.com</a>>;
<a href="mailto:peace-discuss@anti-war.net">peace-discuss@anti-war.net</a>; <a href="mailto:a-fields@uiuc.edu">
a-fields@uiuc.edu</a>; Hoffman, Valerie J <<a href="mailto:vhoffman@illinois.edu">vhoffman@illinois.edu</a>>; Miller, Joseph Thomas <<a href="mailto:jtmiller@illinois.edu">jtmiller@illinois.edu</a>>; Szoke, Ron <<a href="mailto:r-szoke@illinois.edu">r-szoke@illinois.edu</a>>;
Dave Trippel <<a href="mailto:davetrippel@ameritech.net">davetrippel@ameritech.net</a>>; Arlene Hickory <<a href="mailto:a23h23@yahoo.com">a23h23@yahoo.com</a>>;
<a href="mailto:davidcnswanson@gmail.com">davidcnswanson@gmail.com</a>; <a href="mailto:peace-discuss-request@lists.chambana.net">
peace-discuss-request@lists.chambana.net</a>; <a href="mailto:sherwoodross10@gmail.com">
sherwoodross10@gmail.com</a>; <a href="mailto:abass10@gmail.com">abass10@gmail.com</a>;
<a href="mailto:mickalideh@gmail.com">mickalideh@gmail.com</a>; Lina Thorne <<a href="mailto:lina@worldcantwait.net">lina@worldcantwait.net</a>>;
<a href="mailto:chicago@worldcantwait.net">chicago@worldcantwait.net</a>; Mildred O'brien <<a href="mailto:moboct1@aim.com">moboct1@aim.com</a>>; David Johnson <<a href="mailto:davidjohnson1451@comcast.net">davidjohnson1451@comcast.net</a>>; Jay <<a href="mailto:futureup2us@gmail.com">futureup2us@gmail.com</a>>;
Karen Aram <<a href="mailto:karenaram@hotmail.com">karenaram@hotmail.com</a>>; <a href="mailto:Peace@lists.chambana.net">
Peace@lists.chambana.net</a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Sanctuary Status Response to Wars<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">I want to thank Karen for her fine Letter. Just remember that Killer Koh went to work for Reagan from 1983 to 1985 justifying every hideous atrocity
that Reagan was then inflicting on innocent people all around the world, including Nicaragua, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, setting off the humanitarian crisis that necessitated the original Sanctuary Movement that I served as Counsel to. I also served
as Counsel to The Pledge of Resistance. I explained all this to </span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:red">this</span></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">
</span></b><b><i><u><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:red">Nazi Faculty of Law.
</span></u></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:red">They did not care.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Fab<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Ed Norton Professor of Law<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Carl Schmitt College of Law:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">“Mein Fuhrer, I can walk!”<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#1F497D">Francis A. Boyle<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#1F497D">Law Building<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#1F497D">504 E. Pennsylvania Ave.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#1F497D">Champaign IL 61820 USA<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#1F497D">217-333-7954 (phone)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#1F497D">217-244-1478 (fax)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#1F497D">(personal comments only</span></b><span style="color:#1F497D">)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#1F497D"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #222222 6.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:15.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:21.0pt;font-family:Oswald;color:#333333">Sanctuary status response to wars<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 1.0pt 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Top of Form<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div style="border:none;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:1.0pt 0in 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Bottom of Form<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Oswald;color:#333333">Fri, 12/30/2016 - 10:35am |
<a href="http://www.news-gazette.com/users/digitalmedia" title="View user profile.">
<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#13294B;text-decoration:none">The News-Gazette</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.2in;line-height:18.0pt"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">In the 1980s, refugees from Guatemala, Nicaragua and El Salvador were coming to the U.S. as a result of the
American interventions in their nations, as a result of our "special forces" invading, torturing and murdering.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.2in;line-height:18.0pt"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">In 1986, the Immigration and Naturalization Service granted political asylum to less than 3 percent of the
hundreds of thousands of Salvadorans who applied, with over 4,800 refugees returned to El Salvador. At least 50 of those turned up on the lists of victims killed by security forces or death squads. Thousands of Guatemalans were tortured and/or murdered by
security forces under government control.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.2in;line-height:18.0pt"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">Thus a group of anti-war activists in Urbana initiated a "sanctuary city" resolution, in order to protect the
undocumented nationals arriving here from those nations and in spite of opposition from the local Nazi Party and the local KKK. Despite a death threat if he showed up at the Urbana council, law Professor Francis Boyle argued on behalf of the resolution, and
it passed.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.2in;line-height:18.0pt"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">Again, in December 2016, Professor Boyle, minus death threats, showed up to argue on behalf of a "revised"
resolution. Revised because now it needed to be "all inclusive," given our continuing wars and interventions, throughout the Middle East and North Africa.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.2in;line-height:18.0pt"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">Many come here for economic reasons, but when a nation is destroyed, chaos ensues, leaving the infrastructure
and businesses damaged, causing unemployment.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">For those concerned with obedience to federal "law," I suggest we look at our government who has been breaking our laws, with their continuing "crimes
against humanity."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.2in;line-height:18.0pt"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">KAREN ARAM<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.2in;line-height:18.0pt"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">Urbana<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Francis A. Boyle<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Law Building<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">504 E. Pennsylvania Ave.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Champaign IL 61820 USA<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">217-333-7954 (phone)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">217-244-1478 (fax)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">(personal comments only</span></b>)<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
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