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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black">Almost all of the lawyers involved in the Bush Jr torture scandal are members of the Federalist Society. Thanks to the Federalist Society, the Muslim world--58 states
and 1.25 billion people-- believe that the United States is a nation of sadists and sexual perverts. In fact, it is the Feddies who are the sadists and sexual perverts.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">fab</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black">Francis A. Boyle</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Law Building</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">504 E. Pennsylvania Avenue</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Champaign IL 61820 USA</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">217-333-7954 (voice)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">217-244-1478 (fax)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(personal comments only)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<hr size="3" width="100%" align="center">
</span></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">
<a href="mailto:archive@blythe.org">archive@blythe.org</a> on behalf of <a href="mailto:nytr@olm.blythe-systems.com">
nytr@olm.blythe-systems.com</a><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Sun 6/27/2004 12:25 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:nytr@olm.blythe-systems.com">nytr@olm.blythe-systems.com</a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> [NYTr] Federalist Society Hijacking Justice</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Via NY Transfer News Collective * All the News that Doesn't Fit</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">sent by Francis Boyle</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">HIJACKING JUSTICE: FEDDIES</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">EMERGE, OCTOBER 1999</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">S P E C I A L R E P O R T</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">H I J A C K I N G J U S T I C E</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">The Federalist Society, a Right-wing network of lawyers, judges and</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">supporters, is undoing civil rights and other gains made through the courts</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">BY GEORGE E. CURRY & TREVOR W. COLEMAN</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">WHEN BROWN VS. BOARD OF EDUCATION WAS BEING ARGUED, a clerk to U.S. Supreme</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Court Justice Robert Jackson suggested that the court should rule against</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">the plaintiffs in the landmark school desegregation case. While making the</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">case for maintaining segregated schools, the clerk sent a memo to his boss</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">saying, "It is about time the Court faced the fact that white people in the</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">South don't like the colored people." That clerk was William Rehnquist, now</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">chief justice of the United States Supreme Court. Seeking to put his own</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">ultraconservatives on the Supreme Court with Rehnquist, President Ronald</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Reagan -- who had appointed more than half of the sitting federal judges by</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">the time he left office -- considered nominating Lino A. Graglia, a</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">controversial University of Texas law professor, as a federal appeals court</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">judge for the 5th Circuit. But the nomination, which had been backed by</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Attorney General Edwin Meese III, was jettisoned after Graglia acknowledged</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">that he had referred to African-Americans as "pickaninnies." The American</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Bar Association found the law professor "not qualified" to serve on the</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">federal bench.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Reagan did nominate Robert H. Bork, a former Yale law professor, who was on</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">the U.S. Court of Appeals in Washington, D.C. Bork had opposed the 1964</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Civil Rights Act, calling it "an unwanted intrusion on the right of</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">individuals to choose with whom to associate." After bitter debate, the</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Senate rejected his nomination in 1987 by a vote of 58 to 42.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Far from fading into the background, Bork, Meese, and to a lesser extent,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Graglia, are key players in the Federalist Society, a powerful Right-wing</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">network intent on restricting the power of courts, often at the expense of</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">African-Americans and other people of color, the poor, women and the</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">disadvantaged.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">The organization actively seeks to limit "judicial activism" and reverse</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Supreme Court landmark rulings since the New Deal, especially those issued</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">in the 1960s and '70s. Special targets include the 1966 Miranda decision</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">that provides certain rights for suspected criminals, the 1973 Roe vs. Wade</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">ruling legalizing abortion and recent civil rights legislation.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Founded in 1982 by three law students, the Federalist Society has grown into</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">one of the most influential institutions in America. Four of the nine</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">members of the U.S. Supreme Court -- Clarence Thomas, William H. Rehnquist,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Antonin Scalia and Anthony M. Kennedy -- are close affiliates of the</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Federalist Society. So are Donald P. Hodel, former president of the</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Christina Coalition, and special prosecutor Kenneth Starr.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">The Federalist Society's board of trustees is co-chaired by Bork and U.S.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Sen. Orrin Hatch -- one of the most conservative members on Capitol Hill.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Other trustees include former Attorney General Meese, William Bradford</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Reynolds, who was assistant attorney general for civil rights in the Reagan</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Administration, sought to have court-ordered affirmative action programs</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">overturned, and C. Boyden Gray, former President Bush's chief White House</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">attorney, who opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1991.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">In a world being reshaped by the Federalist Society, conservative law</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">students have formed chapters on campuses across the nation. After</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">graduation, they clerk for conservative judges and then go on to become</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">high-ranking government officials, partners in major law firms, prosecutors,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">law school professors and judges at the local, state and federal level. In</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">short, the Federalist Society is on the verge of hijacking the judicial</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">system.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">"This is more than an attack on affirmative action being spear-headed by the</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Federalist Society lawyers," observes Francis A. Boyle, a law professor at</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">the University of Illinois. "They want to go beyond getting rid of</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">affirmative action. They want to go back to Brown vs. Board of Education.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">"We have Justice Antonin Scalia (who advised the Federalist Society at its</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">inception and later hired two of its three founders as his law clerks), who</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">two years ago gave a public lecture at Columbia Law School where he stated</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">if Brown vs. Board of Education was to be presented to him today, he would</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">rule against the plaintiff. In other words, this was a threat that if Brown</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">vs. Board of Education was voted on before the Supreme Court, he would</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">overturn it."</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">That type of thinking disturbs Lawrence E. Walsh. Before becoming president</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">of the American Bar Association in 1975, Walsh chaired an ABA panel that</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">approved President Nixon's choices of federal appeals judges, Clement</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Haynesworth and G. Harold Carswell, to serve on the Supreme Court. In 1969,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">the Senate rejected Haynesworth because of conflict-of-interest fears. The</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">following year, Carswell was rejected by the Senate after it was disclosed</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">that he had given a speech as a lawyer expressing his "vigorous belief in</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">the principles of White supremacy."</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">"My concern is there is going to be a cleavage in the courts between the</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Federalist Society members and nonmembers," says Walsh, a former federal</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">judge. "Anything that perpetuates that kind of ideological cleavage is not</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">good for the unity of the court system. Ideally, it seems to me that judges</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">should avoid memberships [in politically and substantively motivated</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">organizations] but, of course, they don't do that."</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">In fact, the ABA, in one of its publications on judicial independence,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">concludes: "A judge's impartiality and ability to interpret and apply the</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">laws fairly are integral to the administration of justice."</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">But a judge's membership in an organization -- whether it's the American</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Civil Liberties Union on the Left or the Federalist Society on the Right</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">-- can influence whether a judge is perceived as being unbiased, a critical</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">element in a judicial system that prides itself on being fair.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Harold D. Pope, president of the National Bar Association, says: "People who</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">are opposing the expansion of rights and opportunities for all people in</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">this society we feel are working against America's best interest. We would</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">hope that all jurists, no matter what their prior political persuasion,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">would deal objectively with the facts of law as they come before them, as</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">they were sworn to do so when they first sat on the bench."</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">The expansion of the Federalist Society, which has adopted a silhouette of</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">James Madison as its symbol, comes at a time when the legal community is</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">worried about a loss of public confidence. An ABA special committee on</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">judicial independence issued a report in August titled "Protecting the</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Bulwark of the Republic: Ensuring Public Support of the Judicial Process."</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">The report states, "According to the ABA survey, only about half of the</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">respondents believed that our justice system treats men and women equally.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Even fewer believed that courts treat members of different ethnic groups or</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">wealthy and poor people the same."</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">The report continues, "As [former] ABA President [Philip S.] Anderson</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">recently stated: "We must work on this problem for as long as it takes to</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">make our profession equally open and our system of justice equally</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">responsive to all members of our society, regardless of color. This is the</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">ultimate challenge to the integrity of the rule of law in America.'"</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">But the Federalist Society is interested in a challenge of a different kind.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">To its credit, the organization operates with an open and very public</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">agenda. On its web page, for example, it lays out its conservative agenda.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">"The Federalist Society for Law and Public Policy Studies is a group of</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">conservatives and libertarians interested in the current state of the legal</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">order. It is founded on the principles that the state exists to preserve</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">freedom, that the separation of governmental powers is central to our</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Constitution, and that it is emphatically the province and duty of the</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">judiciary to say what the law is, not what it should be. The Society seeks</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">both to promote an awareness of these principles and to further their</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">application through its activities."</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Even conservative write Michael Lind would call this 19th-century view "the</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Confederate theory of the Constitution."</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Speakers at one national Federalist Society-sponsored lawyers convention</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">proposed far-reaching judicial reforms that included the abolition of</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">judicial review, limiting the powers of federal courts and stripping the</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Supreme Court of jurisdiction over certain matters.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Mary Frances Berry, chair of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, is worried</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">about more than theory. "What is scary about the Federalist Society is that</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">it is antiquated and atavistic," she says. "Their views on natural law,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">libertarianism and the limited power of government to respond when people</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">are being discriminated against is scary -- for African-Americans,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">especially. The more people you have who expose those views on the court,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">the more dangerous it becomes for every one of our lives."</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">In this book, Firewall: The Iran-Contra Conspiracy and Cover Up, Walsh</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">writes: "In calling for the narrow construction of constitutional grants of</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">governmental power, the Federalist Society seemed to speak for right-wing</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Republicans. I was especially troubled that one of White House Counsel</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Boyden Gray's assistants had openly declared that no one who was not a</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">member of the Federalist Society had received a judicial appointment from</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">President Bush."</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Brian W. Jones, a San Francisco lawyer and member of the Federalist Society,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">believes that his group is being maligned.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">"I reject out of hand that Federalists are hostile to civil rights," says</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Jones, an African-American who was deputy legal affairs secretary to</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">California Gov. Pete Wilson and former counsel to Hatch's Senate Judiciary</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Committee. "Most members of the Federalist Society would agree that the</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">government has no business making racial distinctions of any kind among its</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">citizens. I would argue that is a very credible view of civil rights.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">"On civil rights and civil liberty issues, Federalist Society judges tend to</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">have a more limited view of the federal government's authority to respond to</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">a whole range of questions. For conservatives, the first question with any</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">inquiry into responding to social problems is: Where does the authority lie,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">with the federal government or state and local governments?"</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Another African-American, Gerald Reynolds, is vice chairman of membership</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">for the Federalist Society. "There are some people who embrace this</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">principle of racial neutrality," says the Kansas City, Mo., lawyer. "This</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">debate flows from principles and not from animosity toward Blacks."</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">The national office of the Federalist Society in Washington, D.C., refused</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">to provide the names of judges on its membership list. However, some of the</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">organization's records were obtained by Emerge from other sources.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">An examination of Federalist Society documents for 1997 and 1998, the most</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">current information available at press time, reveals the extent that the</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">group has penetrated the courts. When looking at the board of directors of</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">local chapters, officers, their advisory panels and membership lists, it is</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">clear that when one goes to court seeking justice, he or she is increasingly</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">likely to have a judge affiliated with the Federalist Society handling the</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">case. During the period studied, that was true whether one was entering a</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">courtroom in New York, Michigan or Alabama. (The titles of persons listed</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">hereafter reflect the positions they held at the time the records were</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">compiled by the Federalist Society; some of the judges have since been</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">elevated to a higher court.)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">In New York state, judges serving as officers, directors or advisers to the</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">local chapters included Thomas P. Griesa, chief judge of the U.S. District</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Court, Southern District of New York, as well as District Judges Shirley</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Wohl Kram, Lawrence M. McKenna and John E. Sprizzo. A U.S. Appeals Court</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Judge for the Second Circuit, Dennis G. Jacobs, was also among that group.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">The Long Island advisory board included U.S. District Judge Michael</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Fiechter, U.S. Court of International Trade Judge Gregory W. Carman and</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">State Supreme Court Judges Jack Dunne and Ute Lally.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">In Michigan, judges aligned with the Federalist Society included James L.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Ryan and Richard F. Suhreinrich of the U.S. Court of Appeals; Federal</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">District Judges Paul V. Gadola, David W. McKeague, Gerald E. Rosen and</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Lawrence P. Zatkoff; and U.S. Magistrate Judge Virginia M. Morgan. State</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Supreme Court Justices Clifford W. Taylor and Elizabeth A. Weaver were</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">listed as advisers to the Detroit chapter. So were Maura D. Corrigan, chief</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">judge of the Michigan Court of Appeals, along with fellow judges Stephen J.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Markman, Henry W. Saad, and Robert Young Jr. (an African-American who has</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">since been elevated to the Michigan Supreme Court). The chief judge of the</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Washtenaw County Circuit Court in Grand Rapids, Kurtis T. Wilder (another</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">African-Americana who is now on the Michigan Court of Appeals), and Wayne</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">County Circuit Judges Sean Cox, Michael J. Talbot and Brian Zahra helped</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">complete the list.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Local chapters in Alabama were advised by Perry O. Hooper Sr., chief justice</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">of the Supreme Court of Alabama, along with Associate Justices J. Gorman</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Houston, Harold See and A. Hugh Maddox. U.S. Sen. Jefferson B. Sessions III</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">also supported the organization. (Sessions was nominated to become a federal</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">judge in 1986 but was blocked when it was disclosed that he had called the</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">NAACP and the American Civil Liberties Union "un-American" and</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">"communist-inspired," and said they "force civil rights down the throats of</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">people." Referring to the Ku Klux Klan, he reportedly said, "I used to think</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">they're OK," until he learned that some Klansmen were "pot smokers."</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Sessions contended the remarks were either made in jest or had been</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">misinterpreted.)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Additional supporters listed included Randall T. Shepard, chief justice of</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">the Indiana Supreme Court; Craig Enoch, chief justice of the Texas Supreme</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Court; South Carolina Attorney General Charles Molony Condon; Alabama</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Attorney General William Pryor (who has links on his web page to the</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Federalist Society and the conservative Washington Legal Foundation),</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Pennsylvania Attorney General D. Michael Fisher; Indianapolis Mayor Stephen</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Goldsmith and Clarence Thomas' wife, Virginia, a former aide to House</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">majority leader Richard Armey, and who now works for the Heritage</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Foundation.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">As the presiding officials in courts, judges wield broad power. For example,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">U.S. District Judge Neal B. Biggers Jr., who sits on the advisory board of</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">the Mississippi chapter of the Federalist Society, presided over the Ayers</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">desegregation case. In 1975, Jake Ayers Sr., a Mississippi sharecropper,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">sued the state on behalf of his son, charging that the state's higher</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">education system discriminated against African-Americans and historically</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Black colleges.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">In 1987, Biggers upheld the state College Board's contention that</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Mississippi's higher education system was no longer racially discriminatory.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">The Supreme Court reversed Biggers in 1991 and ordered him to remove any</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">vestiges of past discrimination.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">The power of the Federalist Society is not limited to the judiciary, which</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">would be concern enough. Its tentacles extend deep into corporate America.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Listed members of its business advisory council included John Stewart Bryan,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">III, chairman, president and C.E.O. of Media General Cable; John G. Medlin</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Jr., board chair of Wachovia Corp., an interstate bank holding company;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Geneva Steel C.E.O. Joseph Cannon and Robert L. Strickland, chairman of</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Lowe's Companies. Also affiliated with the Federalist Society are Brian J.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Brille and David Panton of Morgan Stanley financial services in New York;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">William Haraf of Bank of America in San Francisco; Chris Ekren of Sony Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">in San Jose, Calif.; Frank Blake of General Electric in Schenechtedy, N.Y.;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Philip R. Lochner Jr., senior vice president, Time Warner Inc. in New York;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">William Kemp of General Motors in Warren, Mich.; Edward Whelan of GTE</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Corp.'s Washington office; David Askin of Exxon Co. in Baytown, Texas;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Marsha Rabiteau of Dow Chemical in Midland, Mich.; F. James Tennies, chief</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">administrative officer at Legg Mason for asset management in Baltimore; Jodi</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Balsam, counsel for operations and litigation for the National Football</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">League and Tom Donahue of Metropolitan Life.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Even federal employees in the Clinton administration were included in</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Federalist Society documents: Paul-Noel Chretien of the Justice Department;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Theodore Cooperstein of the FBI; Carol Crawford of the International Trade</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Commission; Kevin Martin of the Federal Communications Commission and</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Christopher Holleman of the U.S. Small Business Administration. William</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Saunders of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights also backs the Society.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Many of the nation's blue-chip law firms have attorneys associated with the</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Federalist Society. Those listed included lawyers in the Washington, D.C.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">law firms of Arnold and Porter; Covington & Burling; Steptoe & Johnson;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Hogan & Hartson; Patton, Boaggs & Blow; and Wilmer, Cutler & Pickering. New</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">York law firms with lawyers associated with the Federalist Society include:</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Cravath, Swaine & Moore; White & Case and Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton &</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Garrison. In Boston, one law firm -- Hale and Door -- has at least 10</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">attorneys affiliated with the Federalist Society.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">The list of law professors associated with the society included Ronald A.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Cass, dean of Boston University's law school; Michael Young of Columbia</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">University; John Yoo of the University of California at Berkeley; Eugene</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Volokh of UCLA; Northwestern University professors Gary Lawson, Daniel D.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Polsby and Stephen B. Presser; Robert P. George of Princeton; Gerard Bradley</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">of Notre Dame; Gordon B. Baldwin of the University of Wisconsin, Olan B.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Lowry of Temple; Johathan Macey and Richard Painter of Cornell; Ronald D.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Rotunda of the University of Illinois; Gerald T. Dunn of St. Louis</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">University and Thomas Morgan of George Washington University.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">The University of Virginia, one of the best law schools in the nation, has</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">quite a few Federalist Society professors or sympathizers on its faculty,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">including John Norton Moore, Robert Turner, Erika Worth Harris and Lillian</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">BeVier.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">"People have to understand, whether they like lawyers or not, law schools</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">have an enormous amount of power, whether it's power for good or evil.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Unfortunately, what we are seeing under the Federalist Society is law</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">schools and legal education being used to promote racism, bigotry and</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Right-wing politics. These people believe in the Bell Curve," says Prof.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Boyle of the University of Illinois, referring to a controversial theory by</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Charles Murray and Richard J. Herrnstein about the supposed low intelligence</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">level of some non-Whites. "You have to understand that. Just as the</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Federalist Society did to the federal judiciary, they are now trying to do</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">to law schools."</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Boyle and others say this is done by establishing well-endowed law</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">professorships and speaking tours for the true believers. "Where they once</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">were scholars with Right-wing foundations like the Heritage Foundation,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">American Enterprise Institute and the Cato Institute, they are now getting</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">credentialed as law professors," he notes.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">No comparable movement exists among progressives, which may explain why</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">civil rights groups and liberals are doing such a feeble job defending</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">affirmative action.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">"We've got to realize that while we have been dillydallying in law schools</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">with critical race theories and penetrating the Law Review, all this is</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">chump change to [Federalists]," observes Berry, of the U.S. Commission on</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Civil Rights. "It's like we were out playing whiffle ball while they were</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">exercising power."</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">The Federalist Society was founded 17 years ago by Yale Law School student</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Steven G. Calabresi and two counterparts at the University of Chicago School</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">of Law, Lee Liberman and David McIntosh. All three were undergraduates</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">together at Yale. Upset with what they perceived as liberal bias, the three</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">decided to form an organization for conservative law students. Yale</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">professors Robert H. Bork and Ralph K. Winter, both of whom would be</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">appointed to the federal bench by Ronald Reagan, served as advisers to the</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Yale chapter. In Chicago, future U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">served in a similar capacity.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">The contacts the three made as students have proven to be invaluable.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Calabresi, in addition to clerking for Bork and Winter, clerked for Scalia</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">at the Supreme Court. He is now a law professor at Northwestern University.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Liberman gave up a post in the Justice Department also to clerk for Scalia.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">She is now Lee Liberman Otis and is chief counsel for Sen. Spencer Abraham</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(R-Mich.), who founded a Federalist Society chapter at Harvard. McIntosh was</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">a special assistant to Ed Meese when he was Reagan's attorney general; he is</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">a three-term Republican Congressman who's considering running for governor</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">of Indiana. In addition to a board of trustees, the society has a board of</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">directors, co-chaired by Calabresi and McIntosh.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">The Federalist pipeline is a well-oiled old boy -- and sometimes girl --</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">network. For example, Brent O. Hatch, the son of Sen. Orrin Hatch, clerked</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">for Robert Bork when he was a federal judge in Washington, D.C. After</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">working in the Justice Department, young Hatch was appointed general counsel</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">of the National Endowment for the Humanities at the age of 28. He is</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">treasurer of the Federalist Society's board of directors.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">The organization has been funded by wealthy conservatives, such as Richard</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Mellon Scaife, who is vice chair of the Heritage Foundation's board, and</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">another board member, Holland Coors, a member of the conservative Coors</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">family. Many contributions are made through foundations that give to</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Right-wing causes, including the John M. Olin Foundation in New York, the</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Sarah Scaife Foundation in Pittsburgh, the Lynde and Harry Bradley</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Foundation of Milwaukee and the Deer Creek Foundation in St. Louis.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">The Federalists have direct ties to Right-wing think tanks seeking to</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">dismantle affirmative action at the local, state and federal levels. The</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Center for Individual Rights, which successfully argued the Hopwood case</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">that banned affirmative action at the University of Texas, represents</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">plaintiffs in a lawsuit pending against the University of Michigan and were</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">lawyers for supporters of Proposition 209, the anti-affirmative action</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">measure in California. The Washington Legal Foundation sued the University</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">of Maryland, forcing it to drop its Benjamin Banneker scholarships for</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">African-American scholars; the Southeastern Legal Foundation is leading an</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">all-out assault on affirmative action in Atlanta, and the Institute for</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Justice led the attack on Lani Guinier, then a University of Pennsylvania</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">law professor, who was President Clinton's first choice to be assistant U.S.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">attorney general for civil rights. Clint Bolick, the group's vice president,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">dismissed Guinier as a "quota queen," and the eventual nominee, Deval L.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Patrick, as a "quota king." He also led the opposition to the appointment of</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Bill Lann Lee, who was later named acting assistant attorney general for</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">civil rights.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">When first lady Hillary Rodham Clinton said that there was a "vast</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Right-wing conspiracy" afoot that had been hounding her husband since he</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">first announced for president, some Right-wingers almost laughingly</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">dismissed her charges. Special Prosecutor Ken Starr called the comments</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">"nonsense." And Boston Herald columnist Joe Fitzgerald said the first lady</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">had "wandered into paranoia."</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">But information developed by the Institute for Democracy Studies, a</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">nonprofit research and education organization in New York, confirms that the</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">first lady was on the mark.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">In the executive summary of its report, "The Assault on Affirmative Action:</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">An Organized Challenge to Racial and Gender Justice," the organization</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">notes, "Once a month at the Heritage Foundation, representatives of the</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">nation's leading conservative law groups get together for a 'luncheon.' This</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">so-called Public Interest Legal Group meeting is just one of several monthly</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">gatherings that right-wing law groups hold."</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">The report continues: "These meetings serve the purpose of avoiding</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">duplication of effort, airing future plans, and providing guidance for an</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">appropriate organizational division of labor."</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">In an interview with Emerge, Todd G. Young, director of research and</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">communications for the Atlanta-based Southeastern Legal Foundation, confirms</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">that Right-wing groups collaborate.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">"We read each other's briefs (as they are filed) and when there are updates</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">published by other groups," he says. "Although we are separate entities, we</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">share some common understandings about the Constitutions and our (mission)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">statements are really almost identical for the organizations."</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Of its recent lawsuit against Atlanta's affirmative action program, Young</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">notes: "We're refining the definition of what it means to enjoy equal</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">protection under the law and the first step is to end any</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">government-sanctioned discrimination, such as affirmative action programs or</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">racial preference programs. It's philosophically inconsistent to say it was</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">bad then [in the 1950s and 1960s] but it's OK now."</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Atlanta Mayor Bill Campbell says it's not OK to discard programs devised to</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">address discrimination against African-Americans.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">"Conservative legal interest groups, such as the Center for Individual</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Rights and the Southeastern Legal Foundation, are striking at the very heart</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">of the civil rights gains of the '50s and '60s," explains Campbell. "These</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">groups are, in essence, a homogenized version of the Klan. They may have</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">traded in their sheets for suits and use different language, but it's the</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">same old racism -- just old wine in new bottles."</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">The Federalist Society takes its name from The Federalist papers, 85</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">articles originally published in New York newspapers between 1787 and 1788.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">The authors -- Alexander Hamilton, John Jay and James Madison -- were</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">attempting to gain popular support for the adoption of a new Constitution.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">"Is The Federalist the key to what the Constitution's framers and adopters</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">intended it to mean and how they expected it to function?" asked R. B.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Bernstein, a constitutional historian who wrote the foreword to The</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Federalist, a recent reissue of the papers. "This subset of the</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">original-intent controversy tends to pit many historians, who remain dubious</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">about original-intent arguments, against many legal scholars, who seek a way</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">to limit judicial discretion by anchoring constitutional interpretation in</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">the Constitution's origins."</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Bernstein argued that the public should not look at the essays, all written</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">under one pen name, as the definitive word on how the Constitution should be</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">interpreted.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">"Jay was not a delegate to the Federal Convention, which framed the</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Constitution...[Hamilton] left the Convention in July, not returning until</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">two weeks before its close in September. And Madison...found himself</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">outvoted on a host of major issues," Bernstein noted.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Moreover, as The Federalist papers became the classic commentary on the</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Constitution, the three men publicly identified themselves as the authors.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Even that was not without controversy. Before his ill-fated duel with Aaron</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Burr, Hamilton tried to take credit for writing papers 18-20, 49-58 and</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">62-63. Madison made an identical claim of authorship, which was verified</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">through a computer analysis in 1964.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">The most damning fact about today's Federalists is that they advocate a</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">limited role for the federal government, while the early founders were</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">interested in establishing a strong central government.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Some civil rights leaders, including Theodore M. Shaw, associate</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">director-counsel of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund Inc., view</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">the rhetoric of the modern-day Federalists as smokescreen for an assault on</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">civil rights.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">"It's ideologically out of the mainstream and a part of the radically</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">conservative agenda and the radically conservative agenda has never served</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">the interest of African-Americans," Shaw says.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Hilary O. Shelton, Washington bureau chief of the NAACP, is less charitable:</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">"They are not conservative. They are very consistent with the Council of</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Conservative Citizens," a White supremacy group that has featured Senate</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Majority Leader Trent Lott (R-Miss.) and Rep. Bob Barr (R-Ga.) as speakers.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Surprisingly, some of the harshest criticism of Federalist Society members</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">has come from Republicans. For example, former Attorney General Meese, a</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">main player in the Federalist movement, has been criticized by some of his</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">colleagues in the Reagan administration.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">According to The Washington Post, James A. Baker III and Michael K. Deaver</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">referred to Meese as the "Big Bigot," and conservatives referred to his top</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">assistant, T. Kenneth Cribb Jr., as the "Baby Bigot." Cribb sits on the</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">board of directors of the Federalist Society and is a trustee of the Scaife</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Foundation, a major contributor to the Federalist Society and other</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Right-wing causes.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Graglia, who has taught at the University of Texas since 1966, touched off a</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">controversy two years ago, when he said, "Blacks and Mexican Americans are</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">not academically competitive with Whites in selective institutions."</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">According to Graglia, "It is the result primarily of cultural effects.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Failure is not looked upon with disgrace."</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">He maintains his membership in the Federalist Society.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">"They certainly are unenthusiastic about civil rights laws," he says of his</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">organization. "Richard Epstein [a law professor at the University of</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Chicago] thinks we will be better off if civil rights laws were all</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">repealed. These people do believe, as I believe, that so-called civil rights</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">have gone too far and are not civil rights at all."</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Because so many of the Federalist Society members are seen as opposing civil</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">rights, some people are not quick to accept their professed interest in</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">color-blind justice.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">U.S. Appeals Court Judge Stephen Reinhardt of the 9th Circuit observes, "We</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">had the Civil War over states' rights. There is no question we are going</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">back to the pre-Civil War view of governments."</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Former federal Judge Lawrence Walsh puts it more bluntly.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">"The impression I have is they are trying to return to the 18th century and</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">undo the work of the Supreme Court since the New Deal," Walsh says. "And I</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">think it is wrong to put someone on the court who has a pre-commitment with</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">a political dogma, whether it's the Ku Klux Klan or the Federalist Society."</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Additional reporting by Lottie L. Joiner</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#993366">Francis A. Boyle<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#993366">Law Building<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#993366">Champaign, IL 61820 USA<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#993366">217-333-7954 (phone)<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#993366">217-244-1478 (fax)<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#993366">(personal comments only)<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#993366"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<div>
<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b>From:</b> Boyle, Francis A <br>
<b>Sent:</b> Thursday, February 02, 2017 5:02 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Estabrook, Carl G <galliher@illinois.edu>; Hoffman, Valerie J <vhoffman@illinois.edu>; Karen Aram <karenaram@hotmail.com>; Jay Becker <futureup2us@gmail.com>; peace-discuss@anti-war.net; C. G. ESTABROOK <carl@newsfromneptune.com>; a-fields@uiuc.edu;
Miller, Joseph Thomas <jtmiller@illinois.edu>; Szoke, Ron <r-szoke@illinois.edu>; sherwoodross10@gmail.com; Arlene Hickory <a23h23@yahoo.com>; peace-discuss-request@lists.chambana.net; David Swanson <davidcnswanson@gmail.com>; Dave Trippel <davetrippel@ameritech.net>;
abass10@gmail.com; mickalideh@gmail.com; Lina Thorne <lina@worldcantwait.net>; chicago@worldcantwait.net; Mildred O'brien <moboct1@aim.com>; David Johnson <davidjohnson1451@comcast.net>; Joe Lauria <joelauria@gmail.com>; David Green <davegreen84@yahoo.com><br>
<b>Subject:</b> 3 White Racist Judeo-Christians Shedding Crocodile Tears for Muslims of Color:TOMORROW: "President Trump's Executive Order on Immigration"<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Gill Sans MT",sans-serif;color:#17375E">Federalist Society<br>
</span><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">----------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">The Illinois Federalist Society have always been a Gang of Die-Hard Bigots and Racists against our Students and Faculty of Color.
Yale Law Mafia Mazzone is their “Faculty Advisor” and a Member himself. The Feddies are a Gang of Right-wing, racist, bigoted, reactionary, elitist, warmongering and totalitarian judges, lawyers and law professors.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Wexler is a die-hard NeoCon Zionist. She took a Grant from the die-hard NeoCon Zionist “Foundation for the Defense of Democracies”
to go over and watch and learn how Israel inflicts war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide against the Palestinians for two weeks.
<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Fab<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Ed Norton Professor of Law<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Carl Schmitt College of Law:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">“Mein Fuhrer, I can walk!”
<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Francis A. Boyle<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Law Building<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">504 E. Pennsylvania Ave.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Champaign, IL 61820 USA<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">217-333-7954 (phone)<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">217-244-1478 (fax)<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><i><u><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">(personal comments only)<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.0in"><b>From:</b> Turner, Carolyn <br>
<b>Sent:</b> Thursday, February 02, 2017 3:54 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Law * College of Law Community <<a href="mailto:community@mx.uillinois.edu">community@mx.uillinois.edu</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> TOMORROW: "President Trump's Executive Order on Immigration"<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.0in"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.0in"><span style="font-family:"Gill Sans MT",sans-serif">The College of Law will host a panel discussion at noon tomorrow to discuss the domestic and international legal aspects of President Trump’s executive order
on immigration. The discussion, titled “President Trump’s Executive Order on Immigration,” will provide the campus and the community with an in-depth and scholarly analysis of the President’s executive order on immigration and the legal and policy questions
it has generated or is likely to generate. The event is free and open to the public. Doors will open at 11:40 a.m.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.0in"><b><i><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Gill Sans MT",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-left:1.0in;text-align:center"><b><i><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Gill Sans MT",sans-serif;color:#17375E">The University of Illinois College of Law presents:</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size:14.0pt;color:#17375E"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-left:1.0in;text-align:center"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Gill Sans MT",sans-serif"><br>
<span style="color:#E46C0A">“President Trump’s Executive Order on Immigration”<br>
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family:"Gill Sans MT",sans-serif"><br>
</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gill Sans MT",sans-serif;color:#17375E">A panel discussion moderated by
<a href="https://law.illinois.edu/faculty-research/faculty-profiles/lesley-wexler/">
<span style="color:#0000BF">Professor Lesley Wexler</span></a>.<br>
Panel leaders include:<br>
<a href="https://law.illinois.edu/faculty-research/faculty-profiles/jason-mazzone/"><span style="color:#0000BF">Professor Jason Mazzone</span></a>
</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#17375E"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-left:1.0in;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gill Sans MT",sans-serif;color:#17375E"><a href="https://law.illinois.edu/faculty-research/faculty-profiles/colleen-murphy/"><span style="color:#0000BF">Professor
Colleen Murphy</span></a><b> </b></span><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#17375E"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-left:1.0in;text-align:center"><b><span style="font-family:"Gill Sans MT",sans-serif;color:#17375E"><br>
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gill Sans MT",sans-serif;color:#17375E">Friday, February 3<br>
12 p.m.</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#17375E"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-left:1.0in;text-align:center"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gill Sans MT",sans-serif;color:#17375E">Max L. Rowe Auditorium<br>
College of Law Building<br>
</span></b><b><span style="font-family:"Gill Sans MT",sans-serif;color:#17375E"><br>
</span></b><i><span style="font-family:"Gill Sans MT",sans-serif;color:#17375E">Co-hosted by:<br>
</span></i><span style="font-family:"Gill Sans MT",sans-serif;color:#17375E">American Constitution Society<br>
Federalist Society<br>
Immigration Law Society<br>
International Students Association<br>
<b><br>
</b></span><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gill Sans MT",sans-serif;color:#E46C0A">Free and open to the public.<br>
Doors will open at 11:40 a.m.<br>
Lunch will be provided for session attendees.<br>
</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family:"Gill Sans MT",sans-serif"><br>
</span></b><i><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Gill Sans MT",sans-serif;color:#17375E">FOR MORE INFORMATION:<br>
</span></i><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Gill Sans MT",sans-serif;color:#17375E"><a href="https://illinois.edu/calendar/detail/5714?eventId=33260917&calMin=201701&cal=20170130&skinId=19853"><span style="color:#0000BF">College of Law Panel Event</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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