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<title>[NYTr] Federalist Society Hijacking Justice</title>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#993366">Francis A. Boyle<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> Boyle, Francis A
<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Sunday, March 19, 2017 1:28 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> SECTNS.aals@lists.aals.org<br>
<b>Subject:</b> NYT P. 1 on Federalist Society Hijacking Justice with Gorsuch<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Francis A. Boyle<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Law Building<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">504 E. Pennsylvania Ave.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Champaign IL 61820 USA<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">217-333-7954 (phone)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">217-244-1478 (fax)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">(personal comments only</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">)</span><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">
<a href="mailto:aalsmin-l-bounces@lists.ubalt.edu">aalsmin-l-bounces@lists.ubalt.edu</a> [<a href="mailto:aalsmin-l-bounces@lists.ubalt.edu">mailto:aalsmin-l-bounces@lists.ubalt.edu</a>]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Boyle, Francis<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Thursday, November 15, 2007 9:50 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:AALSMIN-L@lists.ubalt.edu">AALSMIN-L@lists.ubalt.edu</a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> [AALSMIN-L] Feddies:25 Years of Hijacking Justice [NYTr] FederalistSociety Hijacking Justice<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black">Almost all of the lawyers involved in the Bush Jr torture scandal are members of the Federalist Society. Thanks to the Federalist Society, the Muslim world--58 states
and 1.25 billion people-- believe that the United States is a nation of sadists and sexual perverts. In fact, it is the Feddies who are the sadists and sexual perverts.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black">Francis A. Boyle</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Law Building</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">504 E. Pennsylvania Avenue</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Champaign IL 61820 USA</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">217-333-7954 (voice)</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">
<a href="mailto:archive@blythe.org">archive@blythe.org</a> on behalf of <a href="mailto:nytr@olm.blythe-systems.com">
nytr@olm.blythe-systems.com</a><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Sun 6/27/2004 12:25 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:nytr@olm.blythe-systems.com">nytr@olm.blythe-systems.com</a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> [NYTr] Federalist Society Hijacking Justice</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Via NY Transfer News Collective * All the News that Doesn't Fit</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt"> </span> <br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">sent by Francis Boyle</span> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">HIJACKING JUSTICE: FEDDIES</span> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">EMERGE, OCTOBER 1999</span> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">S P E C I A L R E P O R T</span> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">H I J A C K I N G J U S T I C E</span> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">The Federalist Society, a Right-wing network of lawyers, judges and</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">supporters, is undoing civil rights and other gains made through the courts</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">BY GEORGE E. CURRY & TREVOR W. COLEMAN</span> <o:p>
</o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">WHEN BROWN VS. BOARD OF EDUCATION WAS BEING ARGUED, a clerk to U.S. Supreme</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Court Justice Robert Jackson suggested that the court should rule against</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">the plaintiffs in the landmark school desegregation case. While making the</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">case for maintaining segregated schools, the clerk sent a memo to his boss</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">saying, "It is about time the Court faced the fact that white people in the</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">South don't like the colored people." That clerk was William Rehnquist, now</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">chief justice of the United States Supreme Court. Seeking to put his own</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">ultraconservatives on the Supreme Court with Rehnquist, President Ronald</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Reagan -- who had appointed more than half of the sitting federal judges by</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">the time he left office -- considered nominating Lino A. Graglia, a</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">controversial University of Texas law professor, as a federal appeals court</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">judge for the 5th Circuit. But the nomination, which had been backed by</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Attorney General Edwin Meese III, was jettisoned after Graglia acknowledged</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">that he had referred to African-Americans as "pickaninnies." The American</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Bar Association found the law professor "not qualified" to serve on the</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">federal bench.</span> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Reagan did nominate Robert H. Bork, a former Yale law professor, who was on</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">the U.S. Court of Appeals in Washington, D.C. Bork had opposed the 1964</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Civil Rights Act, calling it "an unwanted intrusion on the right of</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">individuals to choose with whom to associate." After bitter debate, the</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Senate rejected his nomination in 1987 by a vote of 58 to 42.</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Far from fading into the background, Bork, Meese, and to a lesser extent,</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Graglia, are key players in the Federalist Society, a powerful Right-wing</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">network intent on restricting the power of courts, often at the expense of</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">African-Americans and other people of color, the poor, women and the</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">disadvantaged.</span> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">The organization actively seeks to limit "judicial activism" and reverse</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Supreme Court landmark rulings since the New Deal, especially those issued</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">in the 1960s and '70s. Special targets include the 1966 Miranda decision</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">that provides certain rights for suspected criminals, the 1973 Roe vs. Wade</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">ruling legalizing abortion and recent civil rights legislation.</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Founded in 1982 by three law students, the Federalist Society has grown into</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">one of the most influential institutions in America. Four of the nine</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">members of the U.S. Supreme Court -- Clarence Thomas, William H. Rehnquist,</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Antonin Scalia and Anthony M. Kennedy -- are close affiliates of the</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Federalist Society. So are Donald P. Hodel, former president of the</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Christina Coalition, and special prosecutor Kenneth Starr.</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">The Federalist Society's board of trustees is co-chaired by Bork and U.S.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Sen. Orrin Hatch -- one of the most conservative members on Capitol Hill.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Other trustees include former Attorney General Meese, William Bradford</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Reynolds, who was assistant attorney general for civil rights in the Reagan</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Administration, sought to have court-ordered affirmative action programs</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">overturned, and C. Boyden Gray, former President Bush's chief White House</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">attorney, who opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1991.</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">In a world being reshaped by the Federalist Society, conservative law</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">students have formed chapters on campuses across the nation. After</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">graduation, they clerk for conservative judges and then go on to become</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">high-ranking government officials, partners in major law firms, prosecutors,</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">law school professors and judges at the local, state and federal level. In</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">short, the Federalist Society is on the verge of hijacking the judicial</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">system.</span> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">"This is more than an attack on affirmative action being spear-headed by the</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Federalist Society lawyers," observes Francis A. Boyle, a law professor at</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">the University of Illinois. "They want to go beyond getting rid of</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">affirmative action. They want to go back to Brown vs. Board of Education.</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">"We have Justice Antonin Scalia (who advised the Federalist Society at its</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">inception and later hired two of its three founders as his law clerks), who</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">two years ago gave a public lecture at Columbia Law School where he stated</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">if Brown vs. Board of Education was to be presented to him today, he would</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">rule against the plaintiff. In other words, this was a threat that if Brown</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">vs. Board of Education was voted on before the Supreme Court, he would</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">overturn it."</span> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">That type of thinking disturbs Lawrence E. Walsh. Before becoming president</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">of the American Bar Association in 1975, Walsh chaired an ABA panel that</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">approved President Nixon's choices of federal appeals judges, Clement</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Haynesworth and G. Harold Carswell, to serve on the Supreme Court. In 1969,</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">the Senate rejected Haynesworth because of conflict-of-interest fears. The</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">following year, Carswell was rejected by the Senate after it was disclosed</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">that he had given a speech as a lawyer expressing his "vigorous belief in</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">the principles of White supremacy."</span> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">"My concern is there is going to be a cleavage in the courts between the</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Federalist Society members and nonmembers," says Walsh, a former federal</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">judge. "Anything that perpetuates that kind of ideological cleavage is not</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">good for the unity of the court system. Ideally, it seems to me that judges</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">should avoid memberships [in politically and substantively motivated</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">organizations] but, of course, they don't do that."</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">In fact, the ABA, in one of its publications on judicial independence,</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">concludes: "A judge's impartiality and ability to interpret and apply the</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">laws fairly are integral to the administration of justice."</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">But a judge's membership in an organization -- whether it's the American</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Civil Liberties Union on the Left or the Federalist Society on the Right</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">-- can influence whether a judge is perceived as being unbiased, a critical</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">element in a judicial system that prides itself on being fair.</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Harold D. Pope, president of the National Bar Association, says: "People who</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">are opposing the expansion of rights and opportunities for all people in</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">this society we feel are working against America's best interest. We would</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">hope that all jurists, no matter what their prior political persuasion,</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">would deal objectively with the facts of law as they come before them, as</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">they were sworn to do so when they first sat on the bench."</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">The expansion of the Federalist Society, which has adopted a silhouette of</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">James Madison as its symbol, comes at a time when the legal community is</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">worried about a loss of public confidence. An ABA special committee on</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">judicial independence issued a report in August titled "Protecting the</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Bulwark of the Republic: Ensuring Public Support of the Judicial Process."</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">The report states, "According to the ABA survey, only about half of the</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">respondents believed that our justice system treats men and women equally.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Even fewer believed that courts treat members of different ethnic groups or</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">wealthy and poor people the same."</span> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">The report continues, "As [former] ABA President [Philip S.] Anderson</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">recently stated: "We must work on this problem for as long as it takes to</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">make our profession equally open and our system of justice equally</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">responsive to all members of our society, regardless of color. This is the</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">ultimate challenge to the integrity of the rule of law in America.'"</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">But the Federalist Society is interested in a challenge of a different kind.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">To its credit, the organization operates with an open and very public</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">agenda. On its web page, for example, it lays out its conservative agenda.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">"The Federalist Society for Law and Public Policy Studies is a group of</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">conservatives and libertarians interested in the current state of the legal</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">order. It is founded on the principles that the state exists to preserve</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">freedom, that the separation of governmental powers is central to our</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Constitution, and that it is emphatically the province and duty of the</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">judiciary to say what the law is, not what it should be. The Society seeks</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">both to promote an awareness of these principles and to further their</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">application through its activities."</span> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Even conservative write Michael Lind would call this 19th-century view "the</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Confederate theory of the Constitution."</span> <o:p>
</o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Speakers at one national Federalist Society-sponsored lawyers convention</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">proposed far-reaching judicial reforms that included the abolition of</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">judicial review, limiting the powers of federal courts and stripping the</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Supreme Court of jurisdiction over certain matters.</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Mary Frances Berry, chair of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, is worried</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">about more than theory. "What is scary about the Federalist Society is that</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">it is antiquated and atavistic," she says. "Their views on natural law,</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">libertarianism and the limited power of government to respond when people</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">are being discriminated against is scary -- for African-Americans,</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">especially. The more people you have who expose those views on the court,</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">the more dangerous it becomes for every one of our lives."</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">In this book, Firewall: The Iran-Contra Conspiracy and Cover Up, Walsh</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">writes: "In calling for the narrow construction of constitutional grants of</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">governmental power, the Federalist Society seemed to speak for right-wing</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Republicans. I was especially troubled that one of White House Counsel</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Boyden Gray's assistants had openly declared that no one who was not a</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">member of the Federalist Society had received a judicial appointment from</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">President Bush."</span> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Brian W. Jones, a San Francisco lawyer and member of the Federalist Society,</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">believes that his group is being maligned.</span> <o:p>
</o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">"I reject out of hand that Federalists are hostile to civil rights," says</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Jones, an African-American who was deputy legal affairs secretary to</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">California Gov. Pete Wilson and former counsel to Hatch's Senate Judiciary</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Committee. "Most members of the Federalist Society would agree that the</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">government has no business making racial distinctions of any kind among its</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">citizens. I would argue that is a very credible view of civil rights.</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">"On civil rights and civil liberty issues, Federalist Society judges tend to</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">have a more limited view of the federal government's authority to respond to</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">a whole range of questions. For conservatives, the first question with any</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">inquiry into responding to social problems is: Where does the authority lie,</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">with the federal government or state and local governments?"</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Another African-American, Gerald Reynolds, is vice chairman of membership</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">for the Federalist Society. "There are some people who embrace this</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">principle of racial neutrality," says the Kansas City, Mo., lawyer. "This</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">debate flows from principles and not from animosity toward Blacks."</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">The national office of the Federalist Society in Washington, D.C., refused</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">to provide the names of judges on its membership list. However, some of the</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">organization's records were obtained by Emerge from other sources.</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">An examination of Federalist Society documents for 1997 and 1998, the most</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">current information available at press time, reveals the extent that the</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">group has penetrated the courts. When looking at the board of directors of</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">local chapters, officers, their advisory panels and membership lists, it is</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">clear that when one goes to court seeking justice, he or she is increasingly</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">likely to have a judge affiliated with the Federalist Society handling the</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">case. During the period studied, that was true whether one was entering a</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">courtroom in New York, Michigan or Alabama. (The titles of persons listed</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">hereafter reflect the positions they held at the time the records were</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">compiled by the Federalist Society; some of the judges have since been</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">elevated to a higher court.)</span> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">In New York state, judges serving as officers, directors or advisers to the</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">local chapters included Thomas P. Griesa, chief judge of the U.S. District</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Court, Southern District of New York, as well as District Judges Shirley</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Wohl Kram, Lawrence M. McKenna and John E. Sprizzo. A U.S. Appeals Court</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Judge for the Second Circuit, Dennis G. Jacobs, was also among that group.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">The Long Island advisory board included U.S. District Judge Michael</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Fiechter, U.S. Court of International Trade Judge Gregory W. Carman and</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">State Supreme Court Judges Jack Dunne and Ute Lally.</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">In Michigan, judges aligned with the Federalist Society included James L.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Ryan and Richard F. Suhreinrich of the U.S. Court of Appeals; Federal</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">District Judges Paul V. Gadola, David W. McKeague, Gerald E. Rosen and</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Lawrence P. Zatkoff; and U.S. Magistrate Judge Virginia M. Morgan. State</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Supreme Court Justices Clifford W. Taylor and Elizabeth A. Weaver were</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">listed as advisers to the Detroit chapter. So were Maura D. Corrigan, chief</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">judge of the Michigan Court of Appeals, along with fellow judges Stephen J.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Markman, Henry W. Saad, and Robert Young Jr. (an African-American who has</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">since been elevated to the Michigan Supreme Court). The chief judge of the</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Washtenaw County Circuit Court in Grand Rapids, Kurtis T. Wilder (another</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">African-Americana who is now on the Michigan Court of Appeals), and Wayne</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">County Circuit Judges Sean Cox, Michael J. Talbot and Brian Zahra helped</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">complete the list.</span> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Local chapters in Alabama were advised by Perry O. Hooper Sr., chief justice</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">of the Supreme Court of Alabama, along with Associate Justices J. Gorman</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Houston, Harold See and A. Hugh Maddox. U.S. Sen. Jefferson B. Sessions III</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">also supported the organization. (Sessions was nominated to become a federal</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">judge in 1986 but was blocked when it was disclosed that he had called the</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">NAACP and the American Civil Liberties Union "un-American" and</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">"communist-inspired," and said they "force civil rights down the throats of</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">people." Referring to the Ku Klux Klan, he reportedly said, "I used to think</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">they're OK," until he learned that some Klansmen were "pot smokers."</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Sessions contended the remarks were either made in jest or had been</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">misinterpreted.)</span> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Additional supporters listed included Randall T. Shepard, chief justice of</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">the Indiana Supreme Court; Craig Enoch, chief justice of the Texas Supreme</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Court; South Carolina Attorney General Charles Molony Condon; Alabama</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Attorney General William Pryor (who has links on his web page to the</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Federalist Society and the conservative Washington Legal Foundation),</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Pennsylvania Attorney General D. Michael Fisher; Indianapolis Mayor Stephen</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Goldsmith and Clarence Thomas' wife, Virginia, a former aide to House</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">majority leader Richard Armey, and who now works for the Heritage</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Foundation.</span> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">As the presiding officials in courts, judges wield broad power. For example,</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">U.S. District Judge Neal B. Biggers Jr., who sits on the advisory board of</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">the Mississippi chapter of the Federalist Society, presided over the Ayers</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">desegregation case. In 1975, Jake Ayers Sr., a Mississippi sharecropper,</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">sued the state on behalf of his son, charging that the state's higher</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">education system discriminated against African-Americans and historically</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Black colleges.</span> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">In 1987, Biggers upheld the state College Board's contention that</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Mississippi's higher education system was no longer racially discriminatory.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">The Supreme Court reversed Biggers in 1991 and ordered him to remove any</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">vestiges of past discrimination.</span> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">The power of the Federalist Society is not limited to the judiciary, which</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">would be concern enough. Its tentacles extend deep into corporate America.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Listed members of its business advisory council included John Stewart Bryan,</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">III, chairman, president and C.E.O. of Media General Cable; John G. Medlin</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Jr., board chair of Wachovia Corp., an interstate bank holding company;</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Geneva Steel C.E.O. Joseph Cannon and Robert L. Strickland, chairman of</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Lowe's Companies. Also affiliated with the Federalist Society are Brian J.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Brille and David Panton of Morgan Stanley financial services in New York;</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">William Haraf of Bank of America in San Francisco; Chris Ekren of Sony Corp.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">in San Jose, Calif.; Frank Blake of General Electric in Schenechtedy, N.Y.;</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Philip R. Lochner Jr., senior vice president, Time Warner Inc. in New York;</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">William Kemp of General Motors in Warren, Mich.; Edward Whelan of GTE</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Corp.'s Washington office; David Askin of Exxon Co. in Baytown, Texas;</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Marsha Rabiteau of Dow Chemical in Midland, Mich.; F. James Tennies, chief</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">administrative officer at Legg Mason for asset management in Baltimore; Jodi</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Balsam, counsel for operations and litigation for the National Football</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">League and Tom Donahue of Metropolitan Life.</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Even federal employees in the Clinton administration were included in</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Federalist Society documents: Paul-Noel Chretien of the Justice Department;</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Theodore Cooperstein of the FBI; Carol Crawford of the International Trade</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Commission; Kevin Martin of the Federal Communications Commission and</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Christopher Holleman of the U.S. Small Business Administration. William</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Saunders of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights also backs the Society.</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Many of the nation's blue-chip law firms have attorneys associated with the</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Federalist Society. Those listed included lawyers in the Washington, D.C.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">law firms of Arnold and Porter; Covington & Burling; Steptoe & Johnson;</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Hogan & Hartson; Patton, Boaggs & Blow; and Wilmer, Cutler & Pickering. New</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">York law firms with lawyers associated with the Federalist Society include:</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Cravath, Swaine & Moore; White & Case and Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton &</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Garrison. In Boston, one law firm -- Hale and Door -- has at least 10</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">attorneys affiliated with the Federalist Society.</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">The list of law professors associated with the society included Ronald A.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Cass, dean of Boston University's law school; Michael Young of Columbia</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">University; John Yoo of the University of California at Berkeley; Eugene</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Volokh of UCLA; Northwestern University professors Gary Lawson, Daniel D.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Polsby and Stephen B. Presser; Robert P. George of Princeton; Gerard Bradley</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">of Notre Dame; Gordon B. Baldwin of the University of Wisconsin, Olan B.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Lowry of Temple; Johathan Macey and Richard Painter of Cornell; Ronald D.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Rotunda of the University of Illinois; Gerald T. Dunn of St. Louis</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">University and Thomas Morgan of George Washington University.</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">The University of Virginia, one of the best law schools in the nation, has</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">quite a few Federalist Society professors or sympathizers on its faculty,</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">including John Norton Moore, Robert Turner, Erika Worth Harris and Lillian</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">BeVier.</span> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">"People have to understand, whether they like lawyers or not, law schools</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">have an enormous amount of power, whether it's power for good or evil.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Unfortunately, what we are seeing under the Federalist Society is law</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">schools and legal education being used to promote racism, bigotry and</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Right-wing politics. These people believe in the Bell Curve," says Prof.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Boyle of the University of Illinois, referring to a controversial theory by</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Charles Murray and Richard J. Herrnstein about the supposed low intelligence</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">level of some non-Whites. "You have to understand that. Just as the</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Federalist Society did to the federal judiciary, they are now trying to do</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">to law schools."</span> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Boyle and others say this is done by establishing well-endowed law</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">professorships and speaking tours for the true believers. "Where they once</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">were scholars with Right-wing foundations like the Heritage Foundation,</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">American Enterprise Institute and the Cato Institute, they are now getting</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">credentialed as law professors," he notes.</span> <o:p>
</o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">No comparable movement exists among progressives, which may explain why</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">civil rights groups and liberals are doing such a feeble job defending</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">affirmative action.</span> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">"We've got to realize that while we have been dillydallying in law schools</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">with critical race theories and penetrating the Law Review, all this is</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">chump change to [Federalists]," observes Berry, of the U.S. Commission on</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Civil Rights. "It's like we were out playing whiffle ball while they were</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">exercising power."</span> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">The Federalist Society was founded 17 years ago by Yale Law School student</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Steven G. Calabresi and two counterparts at the University of Chicago School</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">of Law, Lee Liberman and David McIntosh. All three were undergraduates</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">together at Yale. Upset with what they perceived as liberal bias, the three</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">decided to form an organization for conservative law students. Yale</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">professors Robert H. Bork and Ralph K. Winter, both of whom would be</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">appointed to the federal bench by Ronald Reagan, served as advisers to the</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Yale chapter. In Chicago, future U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">served in a similar capacity.</span> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">The contacts the three made as students have proven to be invaluable.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Calabresi, in addition to clerking for Bork and Winter, clerked for Scalia</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">at the Supreme Court. He is now a law professor at Northwestern University.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Liberman gave up a post in the Justice Department also to clerk for Scalia.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">She is now Lee Liberman Otis and is chief counsel for Sen. Spencer Abraham</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">(R-Mich.), who founded a Federalist Society chapter at Harvard. McIntosh was</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">a special assistant to Ed Meese when he was Reagan's attorney general; he is</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">a three-term Republican Congressman who's considering running for governor</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">of Indiana. In addition to a board of trustees, the society has a board of</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">directors, co-chaired by Calabresi and McIntosh.</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">The Federalist pipeline is a well-oiled old boy -- and sometimes girl --</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">network. For example, Brent O. Hatch, the son of Sen. Orrin Hatch, clerked</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">for Robert Bork when he was a federal judge in Washington, D.C. After</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">working in the Justice Department, young Hatch was appointed general counsel</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">of the National Endowment for the Humanities at the age of 28. He is</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">treasurer of the Federalist Society's board of directors.</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">The organization has been funded by wealthy conservatives, such as Richard</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Mellon Scaife, who is vice chair of the Heritage Foundation's board, and</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">another board member, Holland Coors, a member of the conservative Coors</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">family. Many contributions are made through foundations that give to</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Right-wing causes, including the John M. Olin Foundation in New York, the</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Sarah Scaife Foundation in Pittsburgh, the Lynde and Harry Bradley</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Foundation of Milwaukee and the Deer Creek Foundation in St. Louis.</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">The Federalists have direct ties to Right-wing think tanks seeking to</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">dismantle affirmative action at the local, state and federal levels. The</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Center for Individual Rights, which successfully argued the Hopwood case</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">that banned affirmative action at the University of Texas, represents</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">plaintiffs in a lawsuit pending against the University of Michigan and were</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">lawyers for supporters of Proposition 209, the anti-affirmative action</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">measure in California. The Washington Legal Foundation sued the University</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">of Maryland, forcing it to drop its Benjamin Banneker scholarships for</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">African-American scholars; the Southeastern Legal Foundation is leading an</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">all-out assault on affirmative action in Atlanta, and the Institute for</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Justice led the attack on Lani Guinier, then a University of Pennsylvania</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">law professor, who was President Clinton's first choice to be assistant U.S.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">attorney general for civil rights. Clint Bolick, the group's vice president,</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">dismissed Guinier as a "quota queen," and the eventual nominee, Deval L.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Patrick, as a "quota king." He also led the opposition to the appointment of</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Bill Lann Lee, who was later named acting assistant attorney general for</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">civil rights.</span> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">When first lady Hillary Rodham Clinton said that there was a "vast</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Right-wing conspiracy" afoot that had been hounding her husband since he</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">first announced for president, some Right-wingers almost laughingly</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">dismissed her charges. Special Prosecutor Ken Starr called the comments</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">"nonsense." And Boston Herald columnist Joe Fitzgerald said the first lady</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">had "wandered into paranoia."</span> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">But information developed by the Institute for Democracy Studies, a</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">nonprofit research and education organization in New York, confirms that the</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">first lady was on the mark.</span> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">In the executive summary of its report, "The Assault on Affirmative Action:</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">An Organized Challenge to Racial and Gender Justice," the organization</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">notes, "Once a month at the Heritage Foundation, representatives of the</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">nation's leading conservative law groups get together for a 'luncheon.' This</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">so-called Public Interest Legal Group meeting is just one of several monthly</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">gatherings that right-wing law groups hold."</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">The report continues: "These meetings serve the purpose of avoiding</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">duplication of effort, airing future plans, and providing guidance for an</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">appropriate organizational division of labor."</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">In an interview with Emerge, Todd G. Young, director of research and</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">communications for the Atlanta-based Southeastern Legal Foundation, confirms</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">that Right-wing groups collaborate.</span> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">"We read each other's briefs (as they are filed) and when there are updates</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">published by other groups," he says. "Although we are separate entities, we</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">share some common understandings about the Constitutions and our (mission)</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">statements are really almost identical for the organizations."</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Of its recent lawsuit against Atlanta's affirmative action program, Young</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">notes: "We're refining the definition of what it means to enjoy equal</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">protection under the law and the first step is to end any</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">government-sanctioned discrimination, such as affirmative action programs or</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">racial preference programs. It's philosophically inconsistent to say it was</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">bad then [in the 1950s and 1960s] but it's OK now."</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Atlanta Mayor Bill Campbell says it's not OK to discard programs devised to</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">address discrimination against African-Americans.</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">"Conservative legal interest groups, such as the Center for Individual</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Rights and the Southeastern Legal Foundation, are striking at the very heart</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">of the civil rights gains of the '50s and '60s," explains Campbell. "These</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">groups are, in essence, a homogenized version of the Klan. They may have</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">traded in their sheets for suits and use different language, but it's the</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">same old racism -- just old wine in new bottles."</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">The Federalist Society takes its name from The Federalist papers, 85</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">articles originally published in New York newspapers between 1787 and 1788.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">The authors -- Alexander Hamilton, John Jay and James Madison -- were</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">attempting to gain popular support for the adoption of a new Constitution.</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">"Is The Federalist the key to what the Constitution's framers and adopters</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">intended it to mean and how they expected it to function?" asked R. B.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Bernstein, a constitutional historian who wrote the foreword to The</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Federalist, a recent reissue of the papers. "This subset of the</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">original-intent controversy tends to pit many historians, who remain dubious</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">about original-intent arguments, against many legal scholars, who seek a way</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">to limit judicial discretion by anchoring constitutional interpretation in</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">the Constitution's origins."</span> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Bernstein argued that the public should not look at the essays, all written</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">under one pen name, as the definitive word on how the Constitution should be</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">interpreted.</span> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">"Jay was not a delegate to the Federal Convention, which framed the</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Constitution...[Hamilton] left the Convention in July, not returning until</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">two weeks before its close in September. And Madison...found himself</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">outvoted on a host of major issues," Bernstein noted.</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Moreover, as The Federalist papers became the classic commentary on the</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Constitution, the three men publicly identified themselves as the authors.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Even that was not without controversy. Before his ill-fated duel with Aaron</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Burr, Hamilton tried to take credit for writing papers 18-20, 49-58 and</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">62-63. Madison made an identical claim of authorship, which was verified</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">through a computer analysis in 1964.</span> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">The most damning fact about today's Federalists is that they advocate a</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">limited role for the federal government, while the early founders were</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">interested in establishing a strong central government.</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Some civil rights leaders, including Theodore M. Shaw, associate</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">director-counsel of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund Inc., view</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">the rhetoric of the modern-day Federalists as smokescreen for an assault on</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">civil rights.</span> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">"It's ideologically out of the mainstream and a part of the radically</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">conservative agenda and the radically conservative agenda has never served</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">the interest of African-Americans," Shaw says.</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Hilary O. Shelton, Washington bureau chief of the NAACP, is less charitable:</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">"They are not conservative. They are very consistent with the Council of</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Conservative Citizens," a White supremacy group that has featured Senate</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Majority Leader Trent Lott (R-Miss.) and Rep. Bob Barr (R-Ga.) as speakers.</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Surprisingly, some of the harshest criticism of Federalist Society members</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">has come from Republicans. For example, former Attorney General Meese, a</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">main player in the Federalist movement, has been criticized by some of his</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">colleagues in the Reagan administration.</span> <o:p>
</o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">According to The Washington Post, James A. Baker III and Michael K. Deaver</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">referred to Meese as the "Big Bigot," and conservatives referred to his top</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">assistant, T. Kenneth Cribb Jr., as the "Baby Bigot." Cribb sits on the</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">board of directors of the Federalist Society and is a trustee of the Scaife</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Foundation, a major contributor to the Federalist Society and other</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Right-wing causes.</span> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Graglia, who has taught at the University of Texas since 1966, touched off a</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">controversy two years ago, when he said, "Blacks and Mexican Americans are</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">not academically competitive with Whites in selective institutions."</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">According to Graglia, "It is the result primarily of cultural effects.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Failure is not looked upon with disgrace."</span> <o:p>
</o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">He maintains his membership in the Federalist Society.</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">"They certainly are unenthusiastic about civil rights laws," he says of his</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">organization. "Richard Epstein [a law professor at the University of</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Chicago] thinks we will be better off if civil rights laws were all</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">repealed. These people do believe, as I believe, that so-called civil rights</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">have gone too far and are not civil rights at all."</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Because so many of the Federalist Society members are seen as opposing civil</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">rights, some people are not quick to accept their professed interest in</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">color-blind justice.</span> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">U.S. Appeals Court Judge Stephen Reinhardt of the 9th Circuit observes, "We</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">had the Civil War over states' rights. There is no question we are going</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">back to the pre-Civil War view of governments."</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Former federal Judge Lawrence Walsh puts it more bluntly.</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">"The impression I have is they are trying to return to the 18th century and</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">undo the work of the Supreme Court since the New Deal," Walsh says. "And I</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">think it is wrong to put someone on the court who has a pre-commitment with</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">a political dogma, whether it's the Ku Klux Klan or the Federalist Society."</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Additional reporting by Lottie L. Joiner</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt"> </span><br>
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