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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">LAW 604-1: Criminal Law
</span></u></b><b><u><span lang="EN" style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Fall 2015 - Moore<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#003300"><o:p><span style="text-decoration:none"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#003300">CONNED LAW is a required course here at the Waffen-SS Law School. So is Criminal Law brainwashed by our Resident CIA/MOSSAD/Torture-Mongerer Michael Moore—Truly
Orwellian!—who publicly congratulated CONNED LAW Mazzone et al for bringing in Killer Koh. Teaching here at the Waffen-SS Law School since August 1978 has been like working in a combination of Orwell’s
<u>1984</u> and Conrad’s <u>Heart of Darkness</u>—The Horror! The Horror!<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#003300"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#003300">CIA/MOSSAD/TORTURE/MOORE/HURD OFF CAMPUS!<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#003300"><o:p><span style="text-decoration:none"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#003300">Fab<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#003300"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#003300"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#003300">Francis A. Boyle<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#003300">Law Building<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#003300">504 E. Pennsylvania Ave.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#003300">Champaign, IL 61820 USA<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#003300">217-333-7954 (phone)<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#003300">217-244-1478 (fax)<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#003300">(personal comments only)<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#003300"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
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<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b>From:</b> Boyle, Francis A <br>
<b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, June 27, 2017 7:12 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> David Green <davegreen84@yahoo.com>; sherwoodross10@gmail.com; peace-discuss@anti-war.net; C. G. ESTABROOK <carl@newsfromneptune.com>; a-fields@uiuc.edu; Hoffman, Valerie J <vhoffman@illinois.edu>; Joe Lauria <joelauria@gmail.com>; peace-discuss-request@lists.chambana.net;
Miller, Joseph Thomas <jtmiller@illinois.edu>; Szoke, Ron <r-szoke@illinois.edu>; Arlene Hickory <a23h23@yahoo.com>; David Swanson <davidcnswanson@gmail.com>; Karen Aram <karenaram@hotmail.com>; abass10@gmail.com; mickalideh@gmail.com; Lina Thorne <lina@worldcantwait.net>;
chicago@worldcantwait.net; Jay <futureup2us@gmail.com>; Estabrook, Carl G <galliher@illinois.edu>; Peace-discuss@lists.chambana.net; David Johnson <davidjohnson1451@comcast.net>; Mildred O'brien <moboct1@aim.com><br>
<b>Subject:</b> RE: News Gazoo for Feddie Yale Law Mafia Killer Koh Mazzone<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#993366">The University of Illinois College of Law—Hijacking Justice Everyday. Fab.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#993366"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#993366">Francis A. Boyle<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#993366">Law Building<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#993366">504 E. Pennsylvania Ave.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#993366">Champaign IL 61820 USA<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#993366">217-333-7954 (phone)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#993366">217-244-1478 (fax)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#993366">(personal comments only</span></b><span style="color:#993366">)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#993366"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#993366"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
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<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b>From:</b> Boyle, Francis A <br>
<b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, June 27, 2017 7:06 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> David Green <<a href="mailto:davegreen84@yahoo.com">davegreen84@yahoo.com</a>>;
<a href="mailto:sherwoodross10@gmail.com">sherwoodross10@gmail.com</a>; <a href="mailto:peace-discuss@anti-war.net">
peace-discuss@anti-war.net</a>; C. G. ESTABROOK <<a href="mailto:carl@newsfromneptune.com">carl@newsfromneptune.com</a>>;
<a href="mailto:a-fields@uiuc.edu">a-fields@uiuc.edu</a>; Hoffman, Valerie J <<a href="mailto:vhoffman@illinois.edu">vhoffman@illinois.edu</a>>; Joe Lauria <<a href="mailto:joelauria@gmail.com">joelauria@gmail.com</a>>;
<a href="mailto:peace-discuss-request@lists.chambana.net">peace-discuss-request@lists.chambana.net</a>; Miller, Joseph Thomas <<a href="mailto:jtmiller@illinois.edu">jtmiller@illinois.edu</a>>; Szoke, Ron <<a href="mailto:r-szoke@illinois.edu">r-szoke@illinois.edu</a>>;
Arlene Hickory <<a href="mailto:a23h23@yahoo.com">a23h23@yahoo.com</a>>; David Swanson <<a href="mailto:davidcnswanson@gmail.com">davidcnswanson@gmail.com</a>>; Karen Aram <<a href="mailto:karenaram@hotmail.com">karenaram@hotmail.com</a>>;
<a href="mailto:abass10@gmail.com">abass10@gmail.com</a>; <a href="mailto:mickalideh@gmail.com">
mickalideh@gmail.com</a>; Lina Thorne <<a href="mailto:lina@worldcantwait.net">lina@worldcantwait.net</a>>;
<a href="mailto:chicago@worldcantwait.net">chicago@worldcantwait.net</a>; Jay <<a href="mailto:futureup2us@gmail.com">futureup2us@gmail.com</a>>; Estabrook, Carl G <<a href="mailto:galliher@illinois.edu">galliher@illinois.edu</a>>;
<a href="mailto:Peace-discuss@lists.chambana.net">Peace-discuss@lists.chambana.net</a>; David Johnson <<a href="mailto:davidjohnson1451@comcast.net">davidjohnson1451@comcast.net</a>>; Mildred O'brien <<a href="mailto:moboct1@aim.com">moboct1@aim.com</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> RE: News Gazoo for Feddie Yale Law Mafia Killer Koh Mazzone<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">"The impression I have is they are trying to return to the 18th century and<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">undo the work of the Supreme Court since the New Deal," Walsh says. "And I<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">think it is wrong to put someone on the court who has a pre-commitment with<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">a political dogma, whether it's the Ku Klux Klan or the Federalist Society."<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Yeah, the Feddie Mazzone teaching Conned Law at our Waffen-SS Law School and inviting Killer Koh to come out here and pollute and poison our
Good Community. Judge Lawrence Walsh was Independent Counsel/Prosecutor in the Iran-Contra Scandal by appointment of President Reagan; prosecuted the Mob with Dewey in New York; Deputy Attorney General under Eisenhower; Pillar of the Republican Party; President
of the American Bar Association; Federal District Judge; Partner in the New York Law Firm of Davis, Polk & Wardwell, etc. RIP. fab<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">Walsh on Federalist Society<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">According to the conventional wisdom, we were in a double bind: The judges appointed by Democratic presidents were supposedly most
concerned with protecting the constitutional rights of persons prosecuted for crimes, while most of the other judges owed their appointments to Ronald Reagan or George Bush, who had stated publicly and emphatically that they hoped that North would not be convicted.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> Over the years, I had often found such simplistic views to be wrong. Most judges overcome the prejudices and alliances they had when
appointed to the federal bench. During my three and one-half years on the federal district court in New York, I had experienced the merging process by which new judges are absorbed into their courts. My hard-line political and professional views had moderated
during lunchroom conversations with Learned Hand, Jerome Frank, and Harold Medina and had dissolved after a couple of my decisions had been reversed on appeal.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> But I was concerned about the continuing political allegiance of Republican judges as manifested in the Federalist Society. Although
the organization was not openly partisan, its dogma was political. It reminded me of the communist front groups of the 1940s and l950s, whose members were committed to the communist cause and subject to communist direction but were not card-carrying members
of the Communist Party. In calling for the narrow construction of constitutional grants of governmental power, the Federalist Society seemed to speak for right-wing Republicans. I was especially troubled that one of White House Counsel Boyden Gray's assistants
had openly declared that no one who was not a member of the Federalist Society had received a judicial appointment from President Bush.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">walsh.fed<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">From Iran-contra Independent Counsel Lawrence Walsh, Firewall.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#1F497D">Francis A. Boyle<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#1F497D">Law Building<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#1F497D">504 E. Pennsylvania Ave.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#1F497D">Champaign IL 61820 USA<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#1F497D">217-333-7954 (phone)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#1F497D">217-244-1478 (fax)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#1F497D">(personal comments only</span></b><span style="color:#1F497D">)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#1F497D"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<div>
<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b>From:</b> Boyle, Francis A <br>
<b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, June 27, 2017 6:48 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> David Green <<a href="mailto:davegreen84@yahoo.com">davegreen84@yahoo.com</a>>;
<a href="mailto:sherwoodross10@gmail.com">sherwoodross10@gmail.com</a>; <a href="mailto:peace-discuss@anti-war.net">
peace-discuss@anti-war.net</a>; C. G. ESTABROOK <<a href="mailto:carl@newsfromneptune.com">carl@newsfromneptune.com</a>>;
<a href="mailto:a-fields@uiuc.edu">a-fields@uiuc.edu</a>; Hoffman, Valerie J <<a href="mailto:vhoffman@illinois.edu">vhoffman@illinois.edu</a>>; Joe Lauria <<a href="mailto:joelauria@gmail.com">joelauria@gmail.com</a>>;
<a href="mailto:peace-discuss-request@lists.chambana.net">peace-discuss-request@lists.chambana.net</a>; Miller, Joseph Thomas <<a href="mailto:jtmiller@illinois.edu">jtmiller@illinois.edu</a>>; Szoke, Ron <<a href="mailto:r-szoke@illinois.edu">r-szoke@illinois.edu</a>>;
Arlene Hickory <<a href="mailto:a23h23@yahoo.com">a23h23@yahoo.com</a>>; David Swanson <<a href="mailto:davidcnswanson@gmail.com">davidcnswanson@gmail.com</a>>; Karen Aram <<a href="mailto:karenaram@hotmail.com">karenaram@hotmail.com</a>>;
<a href="mailto:abass10@gmail.com">abass10@gmail.com</a>; <a href="mailto:mickalideh@gmail.com">
mickalideh@gmail.com</a>; Lina Thorne <<a href="mailto:lina@worldcantwait.net">lina@worldcantwait.net</a>>;
<a href="mailto:chicago@worldcantwait.net">chicago@worldcantwait.net</a>; Jay <<a href="mailto:futureup2us@gmail.com">futureup2us@gmail.com</a>>; Estabrook, Carl G <<a href="mailto:galliher@illinois.edu">galliher@illinois.edu</a>>;
<a href="mailto:Peace-discuss@lists.chambana.net">Peace-discuss@lists.chambana.net</a>; David Johnson <<a href="mailto:davidjohnson1451@comcast.net">davidjohnson1451@comcast.net</a>>; Mildred O'brien <<a href="mailto:moboct1@aim.com">moboct1@aim.com</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> News Gazoo for Feddie Yale Law Mafia Killer Koh Mazzone<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Sure. Yale Law Mafia Mazzone was on the Committee that invited Yale Law Mafia Killer Koh to come out here and pollute and poison our Good Community
despite my best efforts to stop them. Yale Law Mafia Mazzone is also a Member of the Federalist Society, Hijacking Justice Everyday.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2">
<![if !supportLists]><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">1.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span></b><![endif]><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">The Supremes upheld Trump’s Muslim Ban in violation of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2">
<![if !supportLists]><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">2.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span></b><![endif]><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"> The Supremes have further eroded the Separation of Church and State in violation of the First Amendment. And it appears the Supremes are going to tolerate
public bigotry and discrimination against LGBT in the name of “religious freedom” despite the fact we would never permit this to be done against Blacks, Jews, Catholics, etc except here on Campus where Wise {sic!} and the Zionists Ethnically Cleansed Native
Americans out of UIUC.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2">
<![if !supportLists]><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">3.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span></b><![endif]><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">We are all going to be up the proverbial creek without a paddle if Kennedy retires and Trump gets to replace him with another hard-line, doctrinaire religious
fundamentalist Federalist Society Member like Gorsuch—Hijacking Justice every day along with Mazzone who “teaches” Conned Law at our Waffen-SS Law School.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:1.0in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Fab.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">-----Original Message-----<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">From: Boyle, Francis [<a href="mailto:FBOYLE@law.uiuc.edu">mailto:FBOYLE@law.uiuc.edu</a>]<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Sent: Friday, September 17, 1999 6:35 PM<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">To: undisclosed-recipients<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Subject: HIJACKING JUSTICE:FEDDIES<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">S P E C I A L R E P O R T<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">H I J A C K I N G J U S T I C E<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"> The Federalist Society, a Right-wing<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">network of lawyers, judges and supporters,<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">is undoing civil rights and other gains<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">made through the courts<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">BY GEORGE E. CURRY & TREVOR W. COLEMAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">EMERGE, OCTOBER 1999<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">WHEN BROWN VS. BOARD OF EDUCATION WAS BEING ARGUED, a clerk to U.S. Supreme<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Court Justice Robert Jackson suggested that the court should rule against<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">the plaintiffs in the landmark school desegregation case. While making the<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">case for maintaining segregated schools, the clerk sent a memo to his boss<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">saying, "It is about time the Court faced the fact that white people in the<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">South don't like the colored people." That clerk was William Rehnquist, now<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">chief justice of the United States Supreme Court. Seeking to put his own<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">ultraconservatives on the Supreme Court with Rehnquist, President Ronald<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Reagan -- who had appointed more than half of the sitting federal judges by<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">the time he left office -- considered nominating Lino A. Graglia, a<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">controversial University of Texas law professor, as a federal appeals court<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">judge for the 5th Circuit. But the nomination, which had been backed by<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Attorney General Edwin Meese III, was jettisoned after Graglia acknowledged<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">that he had referred to African-Americans as "pickaninnies." The American<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Bar Association found the law professor "not qualified" to serve on the<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">federal bench.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Reagan did nominate Robert H. Bork, a former Yale law professor, who was on<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">the U.S. Court of Appeals in Washington, D.C. Bork had opposed the 1964<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Civil Rights Act, calling it "an unwanted intrusion on the right of<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">individuals to choose with whom to associate." After bitter debate, the<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Senate rejected his nomination in 1987 by a vote of 58 to 42.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Far from fading into the background, Bork, Meese, and to a lesser extent,<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Graglia, are key players in the Federalist Society, a powerful Right-wing<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">network intent on restricting the power of courts, often at the expense of<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">African-Americans and other people of color, the poor, women and the<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">disadvantaged.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">The organization actively seeks to limit "judicial activism" and reverse<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Supreme Court landmark rulings since the New Deal, especially those issued<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">in the 1960s and '70s. Special targets include the 1966 Miranda decision<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">that provides certain rights for suspected criminals, the 1973 Roe vs. Wade<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">ruling legalizing abortion and recent civil rights legislation.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Founded in 1982 by three law students, the Federalist Society has grown into<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">one of the most influential institutions in America. Four of the nine<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">members of the U.S. Supreme Court -- Clarence Thomas, William H. Rehnquist,<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Antonin Scalia and Anthony M. Kennedy -- are close affiliates of the<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Federalist Society. So are Donald P. Hodel, former president of the<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Christina Coalition, and special prosecutor Kenneth Starr.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">The Federalist Society's board of trustees is co-chaired by Bork and U.S.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Sen. Orrin Hatch -- one of the most conservative members on Capitol Hill.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Other trustees include former Attorney General Meese, William Bradford<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Reynolds, who was assistant attorney general for civil rights in the Reagan<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Administration, sought to have court-ordered affirmative action programs<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">overturned, and C. Boyden Gray, former President Bush's chief White House<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">attorney, who opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1991.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">In a world being reshaped by the Federalist Society, conservative law<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">students have formed chapters on campuses across the nation. After<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">graduation, they clerk for conservative judges and then go on to become<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">high-ranking government officials, partners in major law firms, prosecutors,<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">law school professors and judges at the local, state and federal level. In<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">short, the Federalist Society is on the verge of hijacking the judicial<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">system.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">"This is more than an attack on affirmative action being spear-headed by the<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Federalist Society lawyers," observes Francis A. Boyle, a law professor at<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">the University of Illinois. "They want to go beyond getting rid of<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">affirmative action. They want to go back to Brown vs. Board of Education.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">"We have Justice Antonin Scalia (who advised the Federalist Society at its<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">inception and later hired two of its three founders as his law clerks), who<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">two years ago gave a public lecture at Columbia Law School where he stated<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">if Brown vs. Board of Education was to be presented to him today, he would<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">rule against the plaintiff. In other words, this was a threat that if Brown<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">vs. Board of Education was voted on before the Supreme Court, he would<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">overturn it."<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">That type of thinking disturbs Lawrence E. Walsh. Before becoming president<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">of the American Bar Association in 1975, Walsh chaired an ABA panel that<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">approved President Nixon's choices of federal appeals judges, Clement<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Haynesworth and G. Harold Carswell, to serve on the Supreme Court. In 1969,<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">the Senate rejected Haynesworth because of conflict-of-interest fears. The<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">following year, Carswell was rejected by the Senate after it was disclosed<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">that he had given a speech as a lawyer expressing his "vigorous belief in<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">the principles of White supremacy."<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">"My concern is there is going to be a cleavage in the courts between the<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Federalist Society members and nonmembers," says Walsh, a former federal<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">judge. "Anything that perpetuates that kind of ideological cleavage is not<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">good for the unity of the court system. Ideally, it seems to me that judges<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">should avoid memberships [in politically and substantively motivated<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">organizations] but, of course, they don't do that."<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">In fact, the ABA, in one of its publications on judicial independence,<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">concludes: "A judge's impartiality and ability to interpret and apply the<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">laws fairly are integral to the administration of justice."<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">But a judge's membership in an organization -- whether it's the American<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Civil Liberties Union on the Left or the Federalist Society on the Right --<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">can influence whether a judge is perceived as being unbiased, a critical<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">element in a judicial system that prides itself on being fair.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Harold D. Pope, president of the National Bar Association, says: "People who<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">are opposing the expansion of rights and opportunities for all people in<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">this society we feel are working against America's best interest. We would<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">hope that all jurists, no matter what their prior political persuasion,<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">would deal objectively with the facts of law as they come before them, as<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">they were sworn to do so when they first sat on the bench."<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">The expansion of the Federalist Society, which has adopted a silhouette of<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">James Madison as its symbol, comes at a time when the legal community is<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">worried about a loss of public confidence. An ABA special committee on<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">judicial independence issued a report in August titled "Protecting the<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Bulwark of the Republic: Ensuring Public Support of the Judicial Process."<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">The report states, "According to the ABA survey, only about half of the<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">respondents believed that our justice system treats men and women equally.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Even fewer believed that courts treat members of different ethnic groups or<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">wealthy and poor people the same."<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">The report continues, "As [former] ABA President [Philip S.] Anderson<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">recently stated: "We must work on this problem for as long as it takes to<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">make our profession equally open and our system of justice equally<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">responsive to all members of our society, regardless of color. This is the<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">ultimate challenge to the integrity of the rule of law in America.'"<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">But the Federalist Society is interested in a challenge of a different kind.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">To its credit, the organization operates with an open and very public<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">agenda. On its web page, for example, it lays out its conservative agenda.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">"The Federalist Society for Law and Public Policy Studies is a group of<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">conservatives and libertarians interested in the current state of the legal<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">order. It is founded on the principles that the state exists to preserve<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">freedom, that the separation of governmental powers is central to our<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Constitution, and that it is emphatically the province and duty of the<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">judiciary to say what the law is, not what it should be. The Society seeks<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">both to promote an awareness of these principles and to further their<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">application through its activities."<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Even conservative write Michael Lind would call this 19th-century view "the<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Confederate theory of the Constitution."<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Speakers at one national Federalist Society-sponsored lawyers convention<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">proposed far-reaching judicial reforms that included the abolition of<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">judicial review, limiting the powers of federal courts and stripping the<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Supreme Court of jurisdiction over certain matters.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Mary Frances Berry, chair of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, is worried<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">about more than theory. "What is scary about the Federalist Society is that<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">it is antiquated and atavistic," she says. "Their views on natural law,<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">libertarianism and the limited power of government to respond when people<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">are being discriminated against is scary -- for African-Americans,<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">especially. The more people you have who expose those views on the court,<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">the more dangerous it becomes for every one of our lives."<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">In this book, Firewall: The Iran-Contra Conspiracy and Cover Up, Walsh<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">writes: "In calling for the narrow construction of constitutional grants of<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">governmental power, the Federalist Society seemed to speak for right-wing<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Republicans. I was especially troubled that one of White House Counsel<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Boyden Gray's assistants had openly declared that no one who was not a<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">member of the Federalist Society had received a judicial appointment from<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">President Bush."<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Brian W. Jones, a San Francisco lawyer and member of the Federalist Society,<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">believes that his group is being maligned.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">"I reject out of hand that Federalists are hostile to civil rights," says<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Jones, an African-American who was deputy legal affairs secretary to<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">California Gov. Pete Wilson and former counsel to Hatch's Senate Judiciary<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Committee. "Most members of the Federalist Society would agree that the<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">government has no business making racial distinctions of any kind among its<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">citizens. I would argue that is a very credible view of civil rights.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">"On civil rights and civil liberty issues, Federalist Society judges tend to<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">have a more limited view of the federal government's authority to respond to<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">a whole range of questions. For conservatives, the first question with any<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">inquiry into responding to social problems is: Where does the authority lie,<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">with the federal government or state and local governments?"<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Another African-American, Gerald Reynolds, is vice chairman of membership<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">for the Federalist Society. "There are some people who embrace this<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">principle of racial neutrality," says the Kansas City, Mo., lawyer. "This<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">debate flows from principles and not from animosity toward Blacks."<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">The national office of the Federalist Society in Washington, D.C., refused<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">to provide the names of judges on its membership list. However, some of the<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">organization's records were obtained by Emerge from other sources.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">An examination of Federalist Society documents for 1997 and 1998, the most<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">current information available at press time, reveals the extent that the<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">group has penetrated the courts. When looking at the board of directors of<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">local chapters, officers, their advisory panels and membership lists, it is<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">clear that when one goes to court seeking justice, he or she is increasingly<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">likely to have a judge affiliated with the Federalist Society handling the<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">case. During the period studied, that was true whether one was entering a<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">courtroom in New York, Michigan or Alabama. (The titles of persons listed<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">hereafter reflect the positions they held at the time the records were<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">compiled by the Federalist Society; some of the judges have since been<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">elevated to a higher court.)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">In New York state, judges serving as officers, directors or advisers to the<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">local chapters included Thomas P. Griesa, chief judge of the U.S. District<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Court, Southern District of New York, as well as District Judges Shirley<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Wohl Kram, Lawrence M. McKenna and John E. Sprizzo. A U.S. Appeals Court<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Judge for the Second Circuit, Dennis G. Jacobs, was also among that group.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">The Long Island advisory board included U.S. District Judge Michael<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Fiechter, U.S. Court of International Trade Judge Gregory W. Carman and<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">State Supreme Court Judges Jack Dunne and Ute Lally.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">In Michigan, judges aligned with the Federalist Society included James L.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Ryan and Richard F. Suhreinrich of the U.S. Court of Appeals; Federal<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">District Judges Paul V. Gadola, David W. McKeague, Gerald E. Rosen and<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Lawrence P. Zatkoff; and U.S. Magistrate Judge Virginia M. Morgan. State<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Supreme Court Justices Clifford W. Taylor and Elizabeth A. Weaver were<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">listed as advisers to the Detroit chapter. So were Maura D. Corrigan, chief<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">judge of the Michigan Court of Appeals, along with fellow judges Stephen J.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Markman, Henry W. Saad, and Robert Young Jr. (an African-American who has<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">since been elevated to the Michigan Supreme Court). The chief judge of the<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Washtenaw County Circuit Court in Grand Rapids, Kurtis T. Wilder (another<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">African-Americana who is now on the Michigan Court of Appeals), and Wayne<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">County Circuit Judges Sean Cox, Michael J. Talbot and Brian Zahra helped<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">complete the list.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Local chapters in Alabama were advised by Perry O. Hooper Sr., chief justice<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">of the Supreme Court of Alabama, along with Associate Justices J. Gorman<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Houston, Harold See and A. Hugh Maddox. U.S. Sen. Jefferson B. Sessions III<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">also supported the organization. (Sessions was nominated to become a federal<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">judge in 1986 but was blocked when it was disclosed that he had called the<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">NAACP and the American Civil Liberties Union "un-American" and<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">"communist-inspired," and said they "force civil rights down the throats of<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">people." Referring to the Ku Klux Klan, he reportedly said, "I used to think<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">they're OK," until he learned that some Klansmen were "pot smokers."<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Sessions contended the remarks were either made in jest or had been<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">misinterpreted.)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Additional supporters listed included Randall T. Shepard, chief justice of<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">the Indiana Supreme Court; Craig Enoch, chief justice of the Texas Supreme<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Court; South Carolina Attorney General Charles Molony Condon; Alabama<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Attorney General William Pryor (who has links on his web page to the<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Federalist Society and the conservative Washington Legal Foundation),<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Pennsylvania Attorney General D. Michael Fisher; Indianapolis Mayor Stephen<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Goldsmith and Clarence Thomas' wife, Virginia, a former aide to House<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">majority leader Richard Armey, and who now works for the Heritage<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Foundation.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">As the presiding officials in courts, judges wield broad power. For example,<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">U.S. District Judge Neal B. Biggers Jr., who sits on the advisory board of<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">the Mississippi chapter of the Federalist Society, presided over the Ayers<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">desegregation case. In 1975, Jake Ayers Sr., a Mississippi sharecropper,<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">sued the state on behalf of his son, charging that the state's higher<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">education system discriminated against African-Americans and historically<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Black colleges.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">In 1987, Biggers upheld the state College Board's contention that<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Mississippi's higher education system was no longer racially discriminatory.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">The Supreme Court reversed Biggers in 1991 and ordered him to remove any<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">vestiges of past discrimination.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">The power of the Federalist Society is not limited to the judiciary, which<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">would be concern enough. Its tentacles extend deep into corporate America.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Listed members of its business advisory council included John Stewart Bryan,<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">III, chairman, president and C.E.O. of Media General Cable; John G. Medlin<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Jr., board chair of Wachovia Corp., an interstate bank holding company;<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Geneva Steel C.E.O. Joseph Cannon and Robert L. Strickland, chairman of<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Lowe's Companies. Also affiliated with the Federalist Society are Brian J.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Brille and David Panton of Morgan Stanley financial services in New York;<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">William Haraf of Bank of America in San Francisco; Chris Ekren of Sony Corp.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">in San Jose, Calif.; Frank Blake of General Electric in Schenechtedy, N.Y.;<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Philip R. Lochner Jr., senior vice president, Time Warner Inc. in New York;<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">William Kemp of General Motors in Warren, Mich.; Edward Whelan of GTE<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Corp.'s Washington office; David Askin of Exxon Co. in Baytown, Texas;<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Marsha Rabiteau of Dow Chemical in Midland, Mich.; F. James Tennies, chief<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">administrative officer at Legg Mason for asset management in Baltimore; Jodi<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Balsam, counsel for operations and litigation for the National Football<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">League and Tom Donahue of Metropolitan Life.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Even federal employees in the Clinton administration were included in<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Federalist Society documents: Paul-Noel Chretien of the Justice Department;<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Theodore Cooperstein of the FBI; Carol Crawford of the International Trade<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Commission; Kevin Martin of the Federal Communications Commission and<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Christopher Holleman of the U.S. Small Business Administration. William<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Saunders of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights also backs the Society.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Many of the nation's blue-chip law firms have attorneys associated with the<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Federalist Society. Those listed included lawyers in the Washington, D.C.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">law firms of Arnold and Porter; Covington & Burling; Steptoe & Johnson;<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Hogan & Hartson; Patton, Boaggs & Blow; and Wilmer, Cutler & Pickering. New<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">York law firms with lawyers associated with the Federalist Society include:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Cravath, Swaine & Moore; White & Case and Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton &<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Garrison. In Boston, one law firm -- Hale and Door -- has at least 10<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">attorneys affiliated with the Federalist Society.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">The list of law professors associated with the society included Ronald A.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Cass, dean of Boston University's law school; Michael Young of Columbia<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">University; John Yoo of the University of California at Berkeley; Eugene<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Volokh of UCLA; Northwestern University professors Gary Lawson, Daniel D.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Polsby and Stephen B. Presser; Robert P. George of Princeton; Gerard Bradley<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">of Notre Dame; Gordon B. Baldwin of the University of Wisconsin, Olan B.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Lowry of Temple; Johathan Macey and Richard Painter of Cornell; Ronald D.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Rotunda of the University of Illinois; Gerald T. Dunn of St. Louis<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">University and Thomas Morgan of George Washington University.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">The University of Virginia, one of the best law schools in the nation, has<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">quite a few Federalist Society professors or sympathizers on its faculty,<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">including John Norton Moore, Robert Turner, Erika Worth Harris and Lillian<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">BeVier.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">"People have to understand, whether they like lawyers or not, law schools<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">have an enormous amount of power, whether it's power for good or evil.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Unfortunately, what we are seeing under the Federalist Society is law<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">schools and legal education being used to promote racism, bigotry and<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Right-wing politics. These people believe in the Bell Curve," says Prof.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Boyle of the University of Illinois, referring to a controversial theory by<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Charles Murray and Richard J. Herrnstein about the supposed low intelligence<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">level of some non-Whites. "You have to understand that. Just as the<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Federalist Society did to the federal judiciary, they are now trying to do<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">to law schools."<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Boyle and others say this is done by establishing well-endowed law<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">professorships and speaking tours for the true believers. "Where they once<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">were scholars with Right-wing foundations like the Heritage Foundation,<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">American Enterprise Institute and the Cato Institute, they are now getting<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">credentialed as law professors," he notes.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">No comparable movement exists among progressives, which may explain why<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">civil rights groups and liberals are doing such a feeble job defending<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">affirmative action.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">"We've got to realize that while we have been dillydallying in law schools<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">with critical race theories and penetrating the Law Review, all this is<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">chump change to [Federalists]," observes Berry, of the U.S. Commission on<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Civil Rights. "It's like we were out playing whiffle ball while they were<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">exercising power."<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">The Federalist Society was founded 17 years ago by Yale Law School student<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Steven G. Calabresi and two counterparts at the University of Chicago School<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">of Law, Lee Liberman and David McIntosh. All three were undergraduates<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">together at Yale. Upset with what they perceived as liberal bias, the three<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">decided to form an organization for conservative law students. Yale<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">professors Robert H. Bork and Ralph K. Winter, both of whom would be<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">appointed to the federal bench by Ronald Reagan, served as advisers to the<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Yale chapter. In Chicago, future U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">served in a similar capacity.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">The contacts the three made as students have proven to be invaluable.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Calabresi, in addition to clerking for Bork and Winter, clerked for Scalia<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">at the Supreme Court. He is now a law professor at Northwestern University.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Liberman gave up a post in the Justice Department also to clerk for Scalia.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">She is now Lee Liberman Otis and is chief counsel for Sen. Spencer Abraham<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">(R-Mich.), who founded a Federalist Society chapter at Harvard. McIntosh was<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">a special assistant to Ed Meese when he was Reagan's attorney general; he is<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">a three-term Republican Congressman who's considering running for governor<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">of Indiana. In addition to a board of trustees, the society has a board of<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">directors, co-chaired by Calabresi and McIntosh.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">The Federalist pipeline is a well-oiled old boy -- and sometimes girl --<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">network. For example, Brent O. Hatch, the son of Sen. Orrin Hatch, clerked<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">for Robert Bork when he was a federal judge in Washington, D.C. After<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">working in the Justice Department, young Hatch was appointed general counsel<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">of the National Endowment for the Humanities at the age of 28. He is<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">treasurer of the Federalist Society's board of directors.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">The organization has been funded by wealthy conservatives, such as Richard<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Mellon Scaife, who is vice chair of the Heritage Foundation's board, and<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">another board member, Holland Coors, a member of the conservative Coors<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">family. Many contributions are made through foundations that give to<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Right-wing causes, including the John M. Olin Foundation in New York, the<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Sarah Scaife Foundation in Pittsburgh, the Lynde and Harry Bradley<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Foundation of Milwaukee and the Deer Creek Foundation in St. Louis.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">The Federalists have direct ties to Right-wing think tanks seeking to<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">dismantle affirmative action at the local, state and federal levels. The<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Center for Individual Rights, which successfully argued the Hopwood case<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">that banned affirmative action at the University of Texas, represents<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">plaintiffs in a lawsuit pending against the University of Michigan and were<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">lawyers for supporters of Proposition 209, the anti-affirmative action<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">measure in California. The Washington Legal Foundation sued the University<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">of Maryland, forcing it to drop its Benjamin Banneker scholarships for<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">African-American scholars; the Southeastern Legal Foundation is leading an<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">all-out assault on affirmative action in Atlanta, and the Institute for<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Justice led the attack on Lani Guinier, then a University of Pennsylvania<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">law professor, who was President Clinton's first choice to be assistant U.S.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">attorney general for civil rights. Clint Bolick, the group's vice president,<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">dismissed Guinier as a "quota queen," and the eventual nominee, Deval L.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Patrick, as a "quota king." He also led the opposition to the appointment of<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Bill Lann Lee, who was later named acting assistant attorney general for<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">civil rights.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">When first lady Hillary Rodham Clinton said that there was a "vast<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Right-wing conspiracy" afoot that had been hounding her husband since he<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">first announced for president, some Right-wingers almost laughingly<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">dismissed her charges. Special Prosecutor Ken Starr called the comments<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">"nonsense." And Boston Herald columnist Joe Fitzgerald said the first lady<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">had "wandered into paranoia."<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">But information developed by the Institute for Democracy Studies, a<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">nonprofit research and education organization in New York, confirms that the<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">first lady was on the mark.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">In the executive summary of its report, "The Assault on Affirmative Action:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">An Organized Challenge to Racial and Gender Justice," the organization<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">notes, "Once a month at the Heritage Foundation, representatives of the<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">nation's leading conservative law groups get together for a 'luncheon.' This<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">so-called Public Interest Legal Group meeting is just one of several monthly<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">gatherings that right-wing law groups hold."<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">The report continues: "These meetings serve the purpose of avoiding<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">duplication of effort, airing future plans, and providing guidance for an<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">appropriate organizational division of labor."<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">In an interview with Emerge, Todd G. Young, director of research and<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">communications for the Atlanta-based Southeastern Legal Foundation, confirms<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">that Right-wing groups collaborate.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">"We read each other's briefs (as they are filed) and when there are updates<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">published by other groups," he says. "Although we are separate entities, we<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">share some common understandings about the Constitutions and our (mission)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">statements are really almost identical for the organizations."<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Of its recent lawsuit against Atlanta's affirmative action program, Young<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">notes: "We're refining the definition of what it means to enjoy equal<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">protection under the law and the first step is to end any<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">government-sanctioned discrimination, such as affirmative action programs or<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">racial preference programs. It's philosophically inconsistent to say it was<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">bad then [in the 1950s and 1960s] but it's OK now."<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Atlanta Mayor Bill Campbell says it's not OK to discard programs devised to<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">address discrimination against African-Americans.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">"Conservative legal interest groups, such as the Center for Individual<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Rights and the Southeastern Legal Foundation, are striking at the very heart<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">of the civil rights gains of the '50s and '60s," explains Campbell. "These<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">groups are, in essence, a homogenized version of the Klan. They may have<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">traded in their sheets for suits and use different language, but it's the<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">same old racism -- just old wine in new bottles."<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">The Federalist Society takes its name from The Federalist papers, 85<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">articles originally published in New York newspapers between 1787 and 1788.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">The authors -- Alexander Hamilton, John Jay and James Madison -- were<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">attempting to gain popular support for the adoption of a new Constitution.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">"Is The Federalist the key to what the Constitution's framers and adopters<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">intended it to mean and how they expected it to function?" asked R. B.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Bernstein, a constitutional historian who wrote the foreword to The<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Federalist, a recent reissue of the papers. "This subset of the<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">original-intent controversy tends to pit many historians, who remain dubious<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">about original-intent arguments, against many legal scholars, who seek a way<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">to limit judicial discretion by anchoring constitutional interpretation in<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">the Constitution's origins."<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Bernstein argued that the public should not look at the essays, all written<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">under one pen name, as the definitive word on how the Constitution should be<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">interpreted.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">"Jay was not a delegate to the Federal Convention, which framed the<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Constitution...[Hamilton] left the Convention in July, not returning until<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">two weeks before its close in September. And Madison...found himself<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">outvoted on a host of major issues," Bernstein noted.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Moreover, as The Federalist papers became the classic commentary on the<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Constitution, the three men publicly identified themselves as the authors.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Even that was not without controversy. Before his ill-fated duel with Aaron<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Burr, Hamilton tried to take credit for writing papers 18-20, 49-58 and<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">62-63. Madison made an identical claim of authorship, which was verified<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">through a computer analysis in 1964.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">The most damning fact about today's Federalists is that they advocate a<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">limited role for the federal government, while the early founders were<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">interested in establishing a strong central government.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Some civil rights leaders, including Theodore M. Shaw, associate<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">director-counsel of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund Inc., view<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">the rhetoric of the modern-day Federalists as smokescreen for an assault on<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">civil rights.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">"It's ideologically out of the mainstream and a part of the radically<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">conservative agenda and the radically conservative agenda has never served<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">the interest of African-Americans," Shaw says.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Hilary O. Shelton, Washington bureau chief of the NAACP, is less charitable:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">"They are not conservative. They are very consistent with the Council of<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Conservative Citizens," a White supremacy group that has featured Senate<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Majority Leader Trent Lott (R-Miss.) and Rep. Bob Barr (R-Ga.) as speakers.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Surprisingly, some of the harshest criticism of Federalist Society members<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">has come from Republicans. For example, former Attorney General Meese, a<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">main player in the Federalist movement, has been criticized by some of his<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">colleagues in the Reagan administration.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">According to The Washington Post, James A. Baker III and Michael K. Deaver<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">referred to Meese as the "Big Bigot," and conservatives referred to his top<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">assistant, T. Kenneth Cribb Jr., as the "Baby Bigot." Cribb sits on the<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">board of directors of the Federalist Society and is a trustee of the Scaife<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Foundation, a major contributor to the Federalist Society and other<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Right-wing causes.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Graglia, who has taught at the University of Texas since 1966, touched off a<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">controversy two years ago, when he said, "Blacks and Mexican Americans are<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">not academically competitive with Whites in selective institutions."<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">According to Graglia, "It is the result primarily of cultural effects.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Failure is not looked upon with disgrace."<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">He maintains his membership in the Federalist Society.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">"They certainly are unenthusiastic about civil rights laws," he says of his<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">organization. "Richard Epstein [a law professor at the University of<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Chicago] thinks we will be better off if civil rights laws were all<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">repealed. These people do believe, as I believe, that so-called civil rights<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">have gone too far and are not civil rights at all."<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Because so many of the Federalist Society members are seen as opposing civil<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">rights, some people are not quick to accept their professed interest in<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">color-blind justice.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">U.S. Appeals Court Judge Stephen Reinhardt of the 9th Circuit observes, "We<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">had the Civil War over states' rights. There is no question we are going<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">back to the pre-Civil War view of governments."<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Former federal Judge Lawrence Walsh puts it more bluntly.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">"The impression I have is they are trying to return to the 18th century and<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">undo the work of the Supreme Court since the New Deal," Walsh says. "And I<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">think it is wrong to put someone on the court who has a pre-commitment with<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">a political dogma, whether it's the Ku Klux Klan or the Federalist Society."<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"> -- Additional reporting by<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">Lottie L. Joiner<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:1.0in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Francis A. Boyle<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Law Building<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">504 E. Pennsylvania Ave.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Champaign IL 61820 USA<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">217-333-7954 (phone)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">217-244-1478 (fax)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">(personal comments only</span></b>)<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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