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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>An excellent complimentary book to Tim Weiner’s “ Legacy of Ashes “ is “ The Devils Chessboard “, which goes into specifics about Allen Dulles and the successes of the CIA in terms of destabilizing lesser devolved countries as well as domestic interference / manipulation etc., here in the U.S. from the end of World War 2 into the early 1970’s.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>We should NEVER over estimate our enemy nor under estinate.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>David J.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'> Karen Aram [mailto:karenaram@hotmail.com] <br><b>Sent:</b> Saturday, September 23, 2017 8:38 AM<br><b>To:</b> David Johnson<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Peace-discuss] FW: Happy Birthday CIA: Seven Truly Terrible Things the Agency Has Done in 70 Years<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div id=divtagdefaultwrapper><p><span style='color:black'>Good article, and why many of us, anti-war activists from the past, are often skeptical of individuals who promote violence or counterproductive actions to end war. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p><span style='color:black'>Tim Weiner's "Legacy of Ashes" is an excellent, well documented history of the CIA, to be recommended to all. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><hr size=2 width="98%" align=center></div><div id=divRplyFwdMsg><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'> Peace-discuss <peace-discuss-bounces@lists.chambana.net> on behalf of David Johnson via Peace-discuss <peace-discuss@lists.chambana.net><br><b>Sent:</b> Saturday, September 23, 2017 8:20:34 AM<br><b>To:</b> peace-discuss@lists.chambana.net<br><b>Subject:</b> [Peace-discuss] FW: Happy Birthday CIA: Seven Truly Terrible Things the Agency Has Done in 70 Years</span> <o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div id=divtagdefaultwrapper><h2 style='mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:11.25pt;margin-bottom:9.75pt;margin-left:16.5pt;line-height:26.25pt;vertical-align:baseline'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'>Happy Birthday CIA: Seven Truly Terrible Things the Agency Has Done in 70 Years<o:p></o:p></span></h2><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'><a href="https://www.globalresearch.ca/happy-birthday-cia-seven-truly-terrible-things-the-agency-has-done-in-70-years/5610040" id=LPlnk459812>https://www.globalresearch.ca/happy-birthday-cia-seven-truly-terrible-things-the-agency-has-done-in-70-years/5610040</a><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt;background:#EBEBEB;vertical-align:baseline'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#362F2D'>By <a href="https://www.globalresearch.ca/author/carey-wedler" title="Posts by Carey Wedler"><span style='color:#3B4D81;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Carey Wedler</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:#EBEBEB;vertical-align:baseline'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#999999'>Global Research, September 22, 2017<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:#EBEBEB;vertical-align:baseline'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#362F2D'><a href="https://www.activistpost.com/2017/09/happy-birthday-cia-7-truly-terrible-things-agency-done-70-years.html" target="_blank"><span style='color:#3B4D81;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Activist Post</span></a> 19 September 2017<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style='margin-top:3.75pt;margin-right:6.0pt;margin-bottom:3.75pt;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;line-height:inherit;float:left'><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><img border=0 width=400 height=209 id="Picture_x0020_1" src="cid:image001.jpg@01D334A7.AE70FEE0" alt="Description: Image removed by sender."></span><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p style='text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;line-height:inherit'><em><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#362F2D;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>On Monday,</span></em><strong><i><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#362F2D;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'> President Trump </span></i></strong><em><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#362F2D;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><a href="https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/909768037787717633"><span style='color:#3B4D81'>tweeted</span></a> birthday wishes to the Air Force and the CIA. Both became <a href="https://www.cia.gov/news-information/blog/2014/histint-the-national-security-act-of-1947.html"><span style='color:#3B4D81'>official</span></a> organizations 70 years ago on September 18, 1947, with the implementation of the National Security Act of 1947.</span></em><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p style='text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'>After spending years as a wartime intelligence agency called the Office of Strategic Services, the agency was solidified as a key player in the federal government’s operations with then-</span><strong><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#362F2D;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>President Harry Truman</span></strong><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'>’s authorization.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='margin-bottom:10.5pt;text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'>In the seventy years since, the CIA has committed a wide variety of misdeeds, crimes, coups, and violence. Here are seven of the worst programs they’ve carried out (that are known to the public):<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;line-height:inherit'><strong><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#362F2D;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>1 – Toppling governments around the world</span></strong><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'> — The CIA is best known for its first coup, Operation Ajax, in 1953, in which it ousted the democratically elected leader of Iran, Mohammed Mossadegh, reinstating the autocratic Shah, who favored western oil interests. That operation, which the CIA now <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/19/cia-admits-role-1953-iranian-coup"><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#3B4D81;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>admits</span></a> to waging with British intelligence, ultimately resulted in the <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/cia-releases-details-of-iranian-coup-2017-6"><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#3B4D81;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>1979 revolution</span></a> and subsequent U.S. hostage crisis. Relations between the U.S. and Iran remain strained to this day, aptly described by the CIA-coined term “<a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/terror-blowback-burns-cia-1182087.html"><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#3B4D81;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>blowback</span></a>.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'>But the CIA has had a hand in <a href="http://foreignpolicy.com/2013/08/20/mapped-the-7-governments-the-u-s-has-overthrown/"><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#3B4D81;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>toppling</span></a> a number of other democratically elected governments, from Guatemala (1954) and the Congo (1960) to the Dominican Republic (1961), South Vietnam (1963), Brazil (1964), and Chile (1973). The CIA has aimed to install leaders who appease American interests, often <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vf9ZJx8WkjQC&q=led+by+george#v=snippet&q=led%20by%20george&f=false"><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#3B4D81;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>empowering</span></a> oppressive, <a href="http://paleofuture.gizmodo.com/cia-releases-files-that-describe-ruthless-chilean-dicta-1787899872"><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#3B4D81;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>violent dictators</span></a>. This is only a partial list of countries where the CIA covertly attempted to exploit and manipulate sovereign nations’ governments.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;line-height:inherit'><strong><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#362F2D;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>2 – Operation Paperclip</span></strong><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#362F2D;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'> </span><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'>— In one of the more bizarre CIA plots, the agency and other government departments employed Nazi scientists both within and outside the United States to gain an advantage over the Soviets. As <a href="http://www.npr.org/2014/02/15/275877755/the-secret-operation-to-bring-nazi-scientists-to-america"><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#3B4D81;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>summarized</span></a> by NPR:<o:p></o:p></span></p><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;quotes: none'><p style='margin-bottom:10.5pt;text-align:justify;line-height:13.2pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch: inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#333333'>The aim [of Operation Paperclip] was to find and preserve German weapons, including biological and chemical agents, but American scientific intelligence officers quickly realized the weapons themselves were not enough.<o:p></o:p></span></p></blockquote><div style='border:solid #F0F0F0 1.0pt;padding:4.0pt 0in 0in 0in;margin-left:7.5pt;margin-bottom:7.5pt;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;line-height:inherit;max-width: 96%;float:right'><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;background:#F9F9F9;vertical-align:baseline'><i><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><img border=0 width=220 height=280 id="Picture_x0020_2" src="cid:image002.jpg@01D334A7.AE70FEE0" alt="Description: Image removed by sender. Wernher von Braun 1960.jpg"></span></i><i><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'><o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class=wp-caption-text align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:18.0pt;background:#F9F9F9;vertical-align:baseline'><i><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#362F2D'>Wernher von Braun (Source: <a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Wernher_von_Braun_1960.jpg/220px-Wernher_von_Braun_1960.jpg"><span style='color:#3B4D81;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Wikimedia Commons</span></a>)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p></div><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;quotes: none'><p style='text-align:justify;line-height:13.2pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch: inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#333333'>They decided the United States needed to bring the Nazi scientists themselves to the U.S. Thus began a mission to recruit top Nazi doctors, physicists and chemists — including <strong><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Wernher von Braun</span></strong>, who went on to design the rockets that took man to the moon.<o:p></o:p></span></p></blockquote><p style='text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'>They kept this plot secret, though they <a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol-58-no-3/operation-paperclip-the-secret-intelligence-program-to-bring-nazi-scientists-to-america.html"><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#3B4D81;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>admitted</span></a> to it upon the release of </span><em><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#362F2D;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Operation-Paperclip-Intelligence-Program-Scientists/dp/0316221031"><span style='color:#3B4D81'>Operation Paperclip: The Secret Intelligence Program That Brought Nazi Scientists To America</span></a></span></em><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'> by </span><strong><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#362F2D;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Annie Jacobsen</span></strong><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'>. In a book review, the CIA wrote that<o:p></o:p></span></p><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;quotes: none'><p style='text-align:justify;line-height:13.2pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch: inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#333333'>“<strong><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Henry Wallace</span></strong>, former vice president and secretary of commerce, believed the scientists’ ideas could launch new civilian industries and produce jobs.”<o:p></o:p></span></p></blockquote><p style='text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'>They praised the book’s historical accuracy, noting “that the Launch Operations Center at Cape Canaveral, Florida, was headed by </span><strong><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#362F2D;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Kurt Debus</span></strong><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'>, an ardent Nazi.” They acknowledged that<o:p></o:p></span></p><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;quotes: none'><p style='text-align:justify;line-height:13.2pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch: inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#333333'>“<strong><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>General Reinhard Gehlen</span></strong>, former head of Nazi intelligence operations against the Soviets, was hired by the US Army and later by the CIA to operate 600 ex-Nazi agents in the Soviet zone of occupied Germany.”<o:p></o:p></span></p></blockquote><p style='margin-bottom:10.5pt;text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'>Remarkably, they noted that Jacobsen “understandably questions the morality of the decision to hire Nazi SS scientists,” but praise her for pointing out that it was done to fight Soviets. They also made sure to add that the Soviets hired Nazis, too, apparently justifying their own questionable actions by citing their most loathed enemy.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;line-height:inherit'><strong><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#362F2D;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>3 – Operation CHAOS</span></strong><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'> — The FBI is widely known for its <a href="https://www.aclu.org/other/more-about-fbi-spying"><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#3B4D81;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>COINTELPRO</span></a> schemes to undermine <a href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/the-fbis-war-on-civil-rights-leaders"><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#3B4D81;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>communist movements in the 1950s and anti-war, civil rights</span></a>, and <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/g-flint-taylor/the-fbi-cointelpro-progra_b_4375527.html"><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#3B4D81;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>black power</span></a> movements in the 1960s, but the CIA has not been implicated nearly as deeply because, technically, the CIA cannot legally engage in domestic spying. But that was of little concern to </span><strong><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#362F2D;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>President Lyndon B. Johnson</span></strong><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'> as opposition to the Vietnam war grew. According to former </span><em><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#362F2D;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>New York Times</span></em><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'> journalist and Pulitzer Prize-winner </span><strong><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#362F2D;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Tim Weiner</span></strong><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'>, as documented in his extensive CIA <a href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Legacy_of_Ashes.html?id=vf9ZJx8WkjQC"><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#3B4D81;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>history</span></a>, </span><em><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#362F2D;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Legacy of Ashes</span></em><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'>, Johnson instructed then-CIA Director Richard Helms to break the law:<o:p></o:p></span></p><div style='border:solid #F0F0F0 1.0pt;padding:4.0pt 0in 0in 0in;margin-right:7.5pt;margin-bottom:7.5pt;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;line-height:inherit;max-width: 96%;float:left'><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;background:#F9F9F9;vertical-align:baseline'><i><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><img border=0 width=220 height=308 id="Picture_x0020_3" src="cid:image003.jpg@01D334A7.AE70FEE0" alt="Description: Image removed by sender. Richard M Helms.jpg"></span></i><i><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'><o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class=wp-caption-text align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:18.0pt;background:#F9F9F9;vertical-align:baseline'><i><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#362F2D'>Richard Helms (Source: <a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Richard_M_Helms.jpg/220px-Richard_M_Helms.jpg"><span style='color:#3B4D81;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Wikimedia Commons</span></a>)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p></div><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;quotes: none'><p style='text-align:justify;line-height:13.2pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch: inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#333333'>In October 1967, a handful of CIA analysts joined in the first big Washington march against the war. The president regarded protesters as enemies of the state. He was convinced that the peace movement was controlled and financed by Moscow and Beijing. He wanted proof. He ordered <strong><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Richard Helms</span></strong> to produce it.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='margin-bottom:10.5pt;text-align:justify;line-height:13.2pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch: inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#333333'>Helms reminded the president that the CIA was barred from spying on Americans. He says Johnson told him: ‘I’m quite aware of that. What I want for you is to pursue this matter, and to do what is necessary to track down the foreign communists who are behind this intolerable interference in our domestic affairs…’<o:p></o:p></span></p></blockquote><p style='margin-bottom:10.5pt;text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'>Helms obeyed. Weiner wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></p><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;quotes: none'><p style='margin-bottom:10.5pt;text-align:justify;line-height:13.2pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch: inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#333333'>In a blatant violation of his powers under the law, the director of central intelligence became a part-time secret police chief. The CIA undertook a domestic surveillance operation, code-named Chaos. It went on for almost seven years… Eleven CIA officers grew long hair, learned the jargon of the New Left, and went off to infiltrate peace groups in the United States and Europe.<o:p></o:p></span></p></blockquote><p style='margin-bottom:10.5pt;text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'>According to Weiner, “the agency compiled a computer index of 300,000 names of American people and organizations, and extensive files on 7,200 citizens. It began working in secret with police departments all over America.” Because they could not draw a “clear distinction” between the new far left and mainstream opposition to the war, the CIA spied on every major peace organization in the country. President Johnson also wanted them to prove a connection between foreign communists and the black power movement. “The agency tried its best,” Weiner noted, ultimately noting that “the CIA never found a shred of evidence that linked the leaders of the American left or the black-power movement to foreign governments.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;line-height:inherit'><strong><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#362F2D;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>4 – Infiltrating the media</span></strong><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'> — Over the years, the CIA has successfully gained influence in the news media, as well as popular media like film and television. Its influence over the news began almost immediately after the agency was formed. As Weiner explained, CIA Director Allen Dulles established firm ties with newspapers:<o:p></o:p></span></p><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;quotes: none'><p style='margin-bottom:10.5pt;text-align:justify;line-height:13.2pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch: inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#333333'>Dulles kept in close touch with the men who ran the New York Times, The Washington Post, and the nation’s leading weekly magazines. He could pick up the phone and edit a breaking story, make sure an irritating foreign correspondent was yanked from the field, or hire the services of men such as Time’s Berlin bureau chief and Newsweek’s man in Tokyo.<o:p></o:p></span></p></blockquote><p style='margin-bottom:10.5pt;text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'>He continued:<o:p></o:p></span></p><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;quotes: none'><p style='margin-bottom:10.5pt;text-align:justify;line-height:13.2pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch: inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#333333'>It was second nature for Dulles to plant stories in the press. American newsrooms were dominated by veterans of the government’s wartime propaganda branch, the Office of War Information…The men who responded to the CIA’s call included Henry Luce and his editors at Time, Life, and Fortune; popular magazines such as Parade, the Saturday Review, and Reader’s Digest; and the most powerful executives at CBS News. Dulles built a public-relations and propaganda machine that came to include more than fifty news organizations, a dozen publishing houses, and personal pledges of support from men such as Axel Springer, West Germany’s most powerful press baron.<o:p></o:p></span></p></blockquote><p style='text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'>The CIA’s influence had not waned by 1977 when journalist </span><strong><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#362F2D;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Carl Bernstein</span></strong><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'> <a href="http://www.carlbernstein.com/magazine_cia_and_media.php"><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#3B4D81;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>reported</span></a> on publications with CIA agents in their employ, as well as “more than 400 American journalists who in the past twenty‑five years have secretly carried out assignments for the Central Intelligence Agency.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'>The CIA has also successfully <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/nov/14/thriller-ridley-scott"><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#3B4D81;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>advised on and influenced</span></a> numerous television shows, <a href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=0RMtCwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&pg=GBS.PT4.w.1.0.194"><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#3B4D81;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>such as</span></a> </span><em><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#362F2D;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Homeland </span></em><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'>and </span><em><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#362F2D;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>24 </span></em><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'>and <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2016/07/operation-tinseltown-how-the-cia-manipulates-hollywood/491138/"><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#3B4D81;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>films</span></a> like </span><em><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#362F2D;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Zero Dark Thirty</span></em><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'> and </span><em><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#362F2D;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Argo</span></em><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'>, which push narratives that ultimately favor the agency. According to </span><strong><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#362F2D;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Tricia Jenkins</span></strong><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'>, author of </span><em><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#362F2D;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><a href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=0RMtCwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&pg=GBS.PT5"><span style='color:#3B4D81'>The CIA in Hollywood: How the Agency Shapes Film & Television</span></a></span></em><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'>, a concerted agency effort began in the 1990s to counteract negative public perceptions of the CIA, but their influence reaches back decades. In the 1950s, filmmakers produced films <a href="http://www.newsweek.com/how-cia-spooked-hollywood-movies-487064"><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#3B4D81;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>for the CIA</span></a>, including the 1954 film adaptation of George Orwell’s </span><em><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#362F2D;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Animal Farm</span></em><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'>Researchers</span><strong><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#362F2D;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'> Tom Secker</span></strong><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'> and </span><strong><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#362F2D;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Matthew Alford</span></strong><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'>, whose work has been <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ajes.12180/abstract"><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#3B4D81;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>published</span></a> in the </span><em><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#362F2D;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>American Journal of Economics and Sociology</span></em><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'>, say their recent Freedom of Information Act requests have shown that the CIA — along with the military — have <a href="https://medium.com/insurge-intelligence/exclusive-documents-expose-direct-us-military-intelligence-influence-on-1-800-movies-and-tv-shows-36433107c307"><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#3B4D81;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>influenced</span></a> over 1,800 films and television shows, many of which have nothing to do with CIA or military themes.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;line-height:inherit'><strong><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#362F2D;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>5 – Drug-induced Mind control</span></strong><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'> – In the 1950s, the CIA began experimenting with drugs to determine whether they might be useful in extracting information. As Smithsonian Magazine has <a href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/what-we-know-about-cias-midcentury-mind-control-project-180962836/"><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#3B4D81;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>noted</span></a> of the MKUltra project:<o:p></o:p></span></p><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;quotes: none'><p style='margin-bottom:10.5pt;text-align:justify;line-height:13.2pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch: inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#333333'>The project, which continued for more than a decade, was originally intended to make sure the United States government kept up with presumed Soviet advances in mind-control technology. It ballooned in scope and its ultimate result, among other things, was illegal drug testing on thousands of Americans.<o:p></o:p></span></p></blockquote><p style='margin-bottom:10.5pt;text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'>Further:<o:p></o:p></span></p><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;quotes: none'><p style='text-align:justify;line-height:13.2pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch: inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#333333'>The intent of the project was to study ‘the use of biological and chemical materials in altering human behavior,’ <a href="https://archive.org/stream/finalreportofsel01unit/finalreportofsel01unit_djvu.txt"><span style='color:#3B4D81;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>according to</span></a> the official testimony of CIA director <strong><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Stansfield Turner</span></strong> in 1977. The project was conducted in extreme secrecy, Turner said, because of ethical and legal questions surrounding the program and the negative public response that the CIA anticipated if MKUltra should become public.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='text-align:justify;line-height:13.2pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch: inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#333333'>Under MKUltra, the CIA gave itself the authority to research how drugs could:’ ‘promote the intoxicating effects of alcohol;’ ‘render the induction of hypnosis easier;’ ‘enhance the ability of individuals to withstand privation, torture and coercion;’ produce amnesia, shock and confusion; and much more. Many of these questions were investigated using unwitting test subjects, like drug-addicted prisoners, marginalized sex workers and terminal cancer patients– ‘people who could not fight back,’ <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1j-bOBIlg-ZOuZBHyG0L9Q0yJOEV3XcMfu6qHFIrcKw4/edit"><span style='color:#3B4D81;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>in the words of</span></a> <strong><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Sidney Gottlieb</span></strong>, the chemist who introduced LSD to the CIA.<o:p></o:p></span></p></blockquote><p style='margin-bottom:10.5pt;text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'>Further, as Weiner noted:<o:p></o:p></span></p><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;quotes: none'><p style='text-align:justify;line-height:13.2pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch: inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#333333'>Under its auspices, seven prisoners at a federal penitentiary in Kentucky were kept high on LSD for seventy-seven consecutive days. When the CIA slipped the same drug to an army civilian employee, <strong><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Frank Olson</span></strong>, he leaped out of the window of a New York Hotel.<o:p></o:p></span></p></blockquote><p style='margin-bottom:10.5pt;text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'>Weiner added that senior CIA officers destroyed “almost all of the records” of the programs, but that while the “evidence that remains is fragmentary…it strongly suggests that use of secret prisons for the forcible drug-induced questioning of suspect agents went on throughout the 1950s.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='margin-bottom:10.5pt;text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><img border=0 width=409 height=529 id="Picture_x0020_4" src="cid:image004.jpg@01D334A7.AE70FEE0" alt="Description: Image removed by sender. File:ProjectMKULTRA Senate Report.pdf"></span><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p align=center style='text-align:center;vertical-align:baseline;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#362F2D;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Project MKULTRA, the CIA’s Program of Research into Behavioral Modification. Joint Hearing before the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, United State Senate, Ninety-Fifth Congress, First Session (Source: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ProjectMKULTRA_Senate_Report.pdf"><span style='color:#3B4D81'>Wikimedia Commons</span></a>)</span><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'>Years later, the CIA would be accused of distributing crack-cocaine into poor black communities, though this is currently less substantiated and <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/10/10/gary-webb-dark-alliance_n_5961748.html"><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#3B4D81;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>supported</span></a> mostly by accounts of those who claim to have been involved.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;line-height:inherit'><strong><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#362F2D;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>6 – Brutal torture tactics </span></strong><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'>— More recently, the CIA was <a href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/the-most-gruesome-moments-in-the-cia-torture-report"><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#3B4D81;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>exposed</span></a> for sponsoring abusive, disturbing terror tactics against detainees at prisons housing terror suspects. An extensive 2014 Senate report documented agents committing sexual abuse, forcing detainees to stand on broken legs, waterboarding them so severely it sometimes led to convulsions, and imposing forced rectal feeding, to name a few examples. Ultimately, the agency had very little actionable intelligence to show for their torture tactics but <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2014/dec/09/cia-torture-report-released"><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#3B4D81;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>lied</span></a> to suggest they did, according to the torture report. Their torture tactics <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/law/2016/nov/15/us-army-and-cia-may-be-guilty-of-war-crimes-afghanistan-says-icc"><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#3B4D81;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>led</span></a> the International Criminal Court to suggest the CIA, along with the U.S. armed forces, could be guilty of war crimes for their abuses.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;line-height:inherit'><strong><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#362F2D;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>7 – Arming radicals </span></strong><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'>— The CIA has a long habit of arming radical, extremist groups that view the United States as enemies. In 1979, the CIA set out to support Afghan rebels in their bid to defeat the Soviet occupation of the Middle Eastern country. As Weiner wrote, in 1979,<o:p></o:p></span></p><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;quotes: none'><p style='text-align:justify;line-height:13.2pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch: inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#333333'>“Prompted by <strong><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Zbigniew Brzezinski</span></strong>, President Carter signed a covert-action order for the CIA to provide the Afghan rebels with medical aid, money, and propaganda.”<o:p></o:p></span></p></blockquote><p style='margin-bottom:10.5pt;text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'>As Weiner detailed later in his book:<o:p></o:p></span></p><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;quotes: none'><p style='margin-bottom:10.5pt;text-align:justify;line-height:13.2pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch: inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#333333'>The Pakistani intelligence chiefs who doled out the CIA’s guns and money favored the Afghan factions who proved themselves most capable in battle. Those factions also happened to be the most committed Islamists. No one dreamed that the holy warriors could ever turn their jihad against the United States.<o:p></o:p></span></p></blockquote><p style='text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'>Though some speculate the CIA directly armed </span><strong><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#362F2D;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Osama bin Laden</span></strong><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'>, that is yet to be fully proven or admitted. What is clear is that western media <a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/anti-soviet-warrior-puts-his-army-on-the-road-to-peace-the-saudi-businessman-who-recruited-mujahedin-1465715.html"><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#3B4D81;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>revered</span></a> him as a valuable fighter against the Soviets, that he <a href="http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/21"><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#3B4D81;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>arrived</span></a> to fight in Afghanistan in1980, and that al-Qaeda emerged from the mujahideen, who were beneficiaries of the CIA’s program. Stanford University has <a href="http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/21"><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#3B4D81;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>noted</span></a> that Bin Laden and </span><strong><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#362F2D;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Abdullah Azzam</span></strong><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'>, a prominent Palestinian cleric, “established Al Qaeda from the fighters, financial resources, and training and recruiting structures left over from the anti-Soviet war.” Much of those “structures” were provided by the agency. Intentionally or not, the CIA helped fuel the rise of the terror group.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'>Weiner noted that as the CIA failed in other countries like Libya, by the late 1980s “Only the mujahideen, the Afghan holy warriors, were drawing blood and scenting victory. The CIA’s Afghan operation was now a $700-million-dollar-a-year-program” and represented 80% of the overseas budget of the clandestine services. “The CIA’s briefing books never answered the question of what would happen when a militant Islamic army defeated the godless invaders of Afghanistan,” though </span><strong><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#362F2D;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Tom Twetten</span></strong><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'>, “the number two man in the clandestine service in the summer of 1988,” was tasked with figuring out what would happen with the Afghan rebels. “We don’t have any plan,” he concluded.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'>Apparently failing to learn their lesson, the CIA adopted nearly the exact same policy in Syria decades later, arming what they called “moderate rebels” against the Assad regime. Those groups ultimately <a href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/syria-arming-the-rebels/transcript/"><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#3B4D81;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>aligned</span></a> with al-Qaeda groups. One CIA-backed faction made headlines last year for <a href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/us-backed-moderate-rebels-behead-a-child-near-aleppo"><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#3B4D81;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>beheading</span></a> a child (though President Trump cut off the CIA program in June, the military <a href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/politics/ct-trump-cia-syria-20170719-story.html"><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#3B4D81;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>continues</span></a> to align with “moderate” groups).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'>Unsurprisingly, this list is far from complete. The CIA has engaged in a wide variety of <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/08/13/the-black-sites"><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#3B4D81;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>extrajudicial practice</span></a>, and there are likely countless transgressions we have yet to learn about.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;line-height:inherit'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'>As Donald Trump cheers the birthday of an agency he himself once <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-19/trump-will-visit-headquarters-of-cia-he-criticized-over-leaks"><span style='font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#3B4D81;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>criticized</span></a>, it should be abundantly clear that the nation’s covert spy agency deserves scrutiny and skepticism — not celebration.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-stretch: inherit;line-height:inherit'><em><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#362F2D;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Featured image is from the author.</span></em><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#362F2D'><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"inherit","serif";color:#362F2D'>The original source of this article is <a href="https://www.activistpost.com/2017/09/happy-birthday-cia-7-truly-terrible-things-agency-done-70-years.html" target="_blank"><span style='color:#3B4D81;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Activist Post</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div></div></div></body></html>