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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Well I have been qualified as an Expert on MOX in United States Federal District Court. And I prohibit my law students from citing Wikipedia to me in
any paper and advise them to never cite or quote Wikipedia to a Judge because Wikipedia is filled with so much pure, unadulterated BULL-TWADDLE. Fab.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Subject:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> Nuclear Proliferation/NPT/US Atomic Energy Law/MOX, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 SOUTHERN DIVISION<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 ALICE HIRT; ANABEL DWYER;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">CITIZENS FOR ALTERNATIVES<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 TO CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHRYN CUMBOW; ROBERT<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 ANDERSON; DORIS SCHALLER<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">VERNON; and TERRY MILLER,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Plaintiffs,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">v. CASE NO: 1:99-CV-933<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">BILL RICHARDSON, Secretary,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 United States Department<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">of Energy; UNITED STATES<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 OF AMERICA; and UNKNOWN<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">PART(Y)(IES), named as<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 "John and Jane Doe" on<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">complaint,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Defendants.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">____________________________/<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">* * * *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 TESTIMONY OF GORDON EDWARDS and FRANCIS BOYLE<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 * * * *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 BEFORE: THE HONORABLE RICHARD ALAN ENSLEN<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">United States District Judge<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 Kalamazoo, Michigan<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">April 7, 2000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 APPEARANCES:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">APPEARING ON BEHALF OF THE PLAINTIFFS:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">MR. KARY LOVE<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 977 Butternut Drive<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">PMB 128<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 Holland, Michigan 49424<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 MR. TERRY J. LODGE<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">316 North Michigan Street, Suite 520<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 Toledo, Ohio 43624-1627<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">APPEARING ON BEHALF OF THE DEFENDANTS:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">MR. ROBERT I. DODGE<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 MR. CHARLES GROSS<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">U.S. Attorney's Office<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 330 Ionia Avenue, N.W., Suite 501<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">P.O. Box 208<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 Grand Rapids, Michigan 49501-208<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 INDEX<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 WITNESS: Page<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 GORDON EDWARDS<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Direct Examination by Mr. Lodge 4<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 Cross Examination by Mr. Dodge 17<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Redirect Examination by Mr. Lodge 20<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">FRANCIS BOYLE<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 Direct Examination by Mr. Love 21<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Cross Examination by Mr. Dodge 67<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 Redirect Examination by Mr. Love 82<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 EXHIBITS Rec'd.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 Plaintiffs' Exhibit Number 1 87<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Plaintiffs' Exhibit Number 2 87<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 Plaintiffs' Exhibit Number 3 31<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Plaintiffs' Exhibit Number 5 87<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 Plaintiffs' Exhibit Number 6 87<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Plaintiffs' Exhibit Number 11 87<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 Plaintiffs' Exhibit Number 12 87<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Plaintiffs' Exhibit Number 13 87<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 Plaintiffs' Exhibit Number 14 87<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 Kalamazoo, Michigan<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 April 7, 2000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 at approximately 8:50 A.M.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 EXCERPT OF PROCEEDINGS<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 TESTIMONY OF GORDON EDWARDS<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 MR. LODGE: We waive opening.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 THE COURT: Okay. Good for you.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 MR. LODGE: And we would call Gordon Edwards.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 GORDON EDWARDS - PLAINTIFFS' WITNESS - SWORN.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 COURT CLERK: Please state and spell your name<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 for the record.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 THE WITNESS: My name is Gordon Edwards,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 G-o-r-d-o-n E-d-w-a-r-d-s.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 DIRECT EXAMINATION<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 BY MR. LODGE:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 Q. Dr. Edwards, you previously testified in this proceeding<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 in an earlier motion hearing in December, 1999, correct?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 A. That is correct.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 Q. And what, just summarize for the Court, to refresh the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 Court's recollection, what is your occupation or<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 profession?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 A. I'm a professor of mathematics at Vanier College in<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 Montreal, and I'm also a consultant on nuclear issues for<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 both governmental and nongovernmental agencies.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 Q. Are you affiliated with any nongovernmental entity in<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 Canada regarding the purpose of which is to discuss<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 nuclear issues?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 A. Yes, I'm the president of the Canadian Coalition for<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 Nuclear Responsibility, which is a federally incorporated<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 organization, since 1978.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 Q. And how long and in what capacities have you served as a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 consultant on nuclear issues?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 A. I've served as a consultant since 1977 for a variety of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 bodies, including Royal Commissions of Inquiry where I<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 have been retained to cross-examine expert witnesses, also<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 the auditor general of Canada when they were doing a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 comprehensive audit of the Atomic Energy Control Board,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 and most recently I was invited for January 2000 by the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs and International<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 Trade to participate in a small expert workshop on nuclear<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 weapons policies in Ottawa.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 Q. And Dr. Edwards, have you had the occasion to read the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 environmental assessment promulgated by the Fissile<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 Materials Office of the U.S. Department of Energy for the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 Parallex Project?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 A. Yes, I have, and have commented on that as well.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 Q. We are here today on a proposed shipment of MOX plutonium<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 from Russia to Chalk River, Ontario, you understand that?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 A. That is correct.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 Q. What is your understanding as to the amount of the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 plutonium content of the MOX fuel rods, pins that would be<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 brought from Russia?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 A. The MOX fuel contains 135 grams of weapons grade plutonium<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 as compared with the 119 grams that were in the American<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 shipment that proceeded in January.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 Q. Now, Dr. Edwards, you indicated that the Canadian<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 Coalition was incorporated in approximately 1978?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 A. That's right.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 Q. Have you been active in nuclear issues since that time?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 A. Even before that time, yes. I have been active<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 specifically on proliferation questions and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 plutonium-related questions since 1975.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 MR. LODGE: If I may approach.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 THE COURT: Of course.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 BY MR. LODGE:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 Q. Showing you what has been marked for purposes of the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 supplemental motion hearing as Plaintiff's Exhibit 1, I'm<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 going to also leave Exhibit 2 up here.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 A. Yes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 Q. Have you ever conducted any investigation into the issue<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 of civilian population or work exposures to plutonium?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 A. Only at the level of potential for damage, potential for<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 harm.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 Q. What is Exhibit 1?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 A. Exhibit 1 is a letter from Mary Measures, Ph.D., Director<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 of the Radiation Environmental Protection Division of the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 Atomic Energy Control Board of Canada dealing with<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 quantity of plutonium that an atomic radiation worker or a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 member of the public may inhale to reach their respective<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 maximum limits.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 Q. And the date of that is September 30, 1999?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 A. That is correct, about six months ago.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 Q. And could you summarize what the inhalation, or what the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 limits are for both workers and for public?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 A. Yes. The maximum lifetime limit of exposure in the lung<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 for an atomic worker is approximately 1.4 micrograms, and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 for the member of the public it's 0.1 microgram, and a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 microgram being one one-millionth of a gram, so if we<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 translate this into grams, it would mean 1.4 grams would<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 be equivalent-- would be enough to give maximum<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 permissible doses to one million workers and ten -- one<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 gram would be enough to give maximum permissible doses to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 ten million members of the general public. That's just<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 potential.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 Q. Okay. And is that based on the -- or, I'm sorry. Have<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 you had occasion in connection with the proposed Russian<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 shipment of a 135 grams of plutonium and the American<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 shipment of 119 grams, to perform any computations as to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 what the potential dispersion or exposure is?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 A. Well, I would like to emphasize this is just arithmetic<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 and does not take into account dispersion factors such as<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 wind velocity, any respiration rates, and so on. If we<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 just look at the theoretical potential, then with 119<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 grams, we are talking about the potential for 85 million<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 atomic workers to receive their maximum permissible<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 exposure, if that were able to be disseminated into all of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 their lungs and 1,000,190,000 members of the general<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 public, so even though this is a very small amount of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 plutonium, the potential for exposure, harmful exposure is<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 quite significant.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 Q. All right. But so that implies you would have to have an<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 optimal dispersal?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 A. This would be an impossibly optimal dispersal. This would<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 be assuming that the plutonium were distributed fully into<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 the lungs of all the people that I've mentioned.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 Q. Are you aware of whether or not the American shipment was<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 delivered to Chalk River?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 A. Yes, the American shipment was delivered to Chalk River.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 It was taken to the border in what I believe was an SST, a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 truck which was described as silver, and I believe it was<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 probably an SST, although I do not know for absolute<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 certainty about that, and then it was transported to the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 Sault Ste. Marie airport where it was lifted by helicopter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 accompanied by two other helicopters, and transported from<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 there to Chalk River.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 Q. You indicated that you were talking about an impossibly<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 optimal dispersal. Have you had the occasion to perform<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 any computations as to a very conservative prudent factor<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 to start with for dispersal?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 A. Well, this is beyond my competence to really talk about<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 the details of how it might be dispersed, but if we just<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 assume for example 99.9 percent containment in the event<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 of a serious accident.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 Q. Are you saying how much?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 A. Suppose 99.9 percent of the material were successfully<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 contained and not disseminated in the environment and only<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 that small fraction was disseminated.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 Q. Okay.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 A. The potential again would correspond to, for atomic<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 workers in the case of the 119 gram shipment from the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 States, it would be 85,000 maximum exposures and in the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 case of the public, it would still over a million. Even<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 with 99.9 containment, in the event of an accident, you<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 still have the potential for over a million<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 overexposures. By the way, the 135 grams, the difference<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 between the 119 grams and the 135 grams from Russia<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 corresponds to potentially again 160,000 additional<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 maximum exposures for members of the public.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 Q. How many for workers?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 A. 11,428.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 Q. That's just --<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 A. That's just the differential between the two shipments,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 just the added, going from 119 to 135 adds the potential<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 for another 11,000 worker overexposures or 160,000 public<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 overexposures. This, I believe, is why authorities take<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 such great care to emphasize the packaging in transport.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 They realize that the potential is great for damage.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 Q. Do your computations reflect an assumption respecting<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 whether or not the dispersion occurs as a result of an<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 accident or an attack?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 A. No, we are talking about theoretical potential which is<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 the same regardless of how much or whether the material is<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 dispersed. In an accident, for example, we have<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 previously seen accidents that were analyzed for ground<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 transportation. I have not seen any computations or<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 analysis of accidents for air transport either from the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 American side or from the Canadian side.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 Q. Are you talking with respect to Parallex?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 A. I'm talking with respect to Parallex.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 If you had, for example, a violent crash and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 fire of an aircraft, including a helicopter, then the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 dispersal would cause a plume downwind, could cause a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 plume downwind, and how much of that plutonium would<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 escape would be subject to analysis which is not, to my<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 knowledge, been performed.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 Q. Dr. Edwards, do you consider the plutonium in MOX fuel<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 form to be a weapons component?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 A. Well, in the case of the Parallex project, as you know,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 this 119 grams or 135 grams, there is not enough there to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 make an atomic bomb. However, it has long been known that<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 you can make a very damaging radiological explosive device<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 which would simply disperse the plutonium in breathable<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 form. That means that if the plutonium were acquired by a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 criminal organization or terrorist group they could make<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 an incendiary device which would make this available to be<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 breathed by members of the public and also cause very<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 long-lasting contamination of the environs where this<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 exposure would take place. I believe that it would be<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 incorrect to say that these, even this small Parallex<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 shipment, would not be attractive to terrorists or to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 criminal organizations as a top -- as a target for theft<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 or diversion. It is true, of course, that this is weapons<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 grade material and had one, if one had sufficient weapons<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 grade material, one indeed can make a very powerful atomic<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 bomb from that.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 Q. Have you seen any literature or other information in or<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 out of the record of this case that discusses the weapons<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 potential for plutonium?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 A. Well, yes, it's certainly common knowledge that the -- in<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 fact, the U.S. Department of Energy acknowledges as much<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 when they refer to the Russian plutonium, the Russian<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 weapons grade plutonium is continuing a clear and present<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 danger. It's long been known and recognized that<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 plutonium is the key ingredient of atomic weapons, so if<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 one talks about components of atomic weapons, the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 plutonium is the essential component. Once you have the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 plutonium, then you can acquire the other materials on the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 open market that are necessary to build a bomb.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 Q. How do you know that?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 A. Well, it's been well known for a long time. For instance,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 there was a study done, published in the Harvard Civil<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 Rights and Civil Liberties Law Review -- I could make that<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 available to the Court, if you would like -- in 1975 as<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 long ago as then, which says, "Since all the material<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 other than plutonium needed to build a bomb is available<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 from commercial hardware and chemical suppliers, the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 present obstacle to the private construction of nuclear<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 weapons is the unavailability of plutonium."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 But if we just turn to the study that was<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 commissioned and already on file, I believe, here at the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 Court, a study that was commissioned by the Office of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 Fissile Materials Management called the Red Team Report,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 the Red Team Proliferation Vulnerability Report.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 In their conclusions on Page 6-1, they have a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 heading called Keeping Plutonium Inaccessible is the Key<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 to Proliferation Resistance. So what is basically being<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 said here is plutonium is not just a component but the key<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 component of atomic bombs particularly in the context of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 illicit groups.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 Q. Dr. Edwards, could you explain for us Canada's role in the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 reprocessing of plutonium?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 A. Well, Canada's role in plutonium goes back to the World<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 War II Atomic Bomb Project. We had a secret laboratory in<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 Montreal which was manned by British, French and Canadian<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 scientists dedicated to developing methods for producing<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 and separating plutonium for weapons purposes as well as<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 civilian purposes, because even then it was anticipated<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 plutonium would have some civilian value. At the end of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 the war -- incidentally, the first reactor in Canada was<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 built according to a military decision taken in<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 Washington, D.C. in 1944, to demonstrate this potential.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 The reactor called the NRX reactor was built at<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 Chalk River and a plutonium reprocessing plant was built<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 as well. Plutonium was separated and Britain received its<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 first sample of weapons grade plutonium from Canada from<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 Chalk River just months before their first atomic test.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 There was also an illicit transfer of plutonium<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 from Chalk River to Russia, which was so the first samples<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 of plutonium that both Britain and Russia received were<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 from Chalk River.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 Since that time, Canada, of course, has taken a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 policy decision not to pursue a nuclear weapons option<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 itself, but they have, however, looked favorably on the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 idea of reprocessing plutonium for civilian purposes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 They do not have a policy which is against the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 reprocessing of plutonium in principle and nor do they<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 discourage their clients, their customers overseas from<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 reprocessing plutonium. And in fact, in Canada, there is<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 an open door policy towards reprocessing as a future<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 option.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 We just concluded recently a ten-year<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 environmental assessment of the problem of high-level<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 radioactive waste disposal, and in all of the documents it<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 begins by saying, in the very first paragraphs, that by<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 nuclear waste disposal, we mean either spent fuel or<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 post-reprocessing waste. So this is very much a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 theoretical opening and a policy opening for Canada to use<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 plutonium as a fuel.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 Q. Showing you what has been marked as Supplemental Motion<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 Exhibit 2, can you identify that for the Court, please?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 A. Yes. This appears to be an exchange from the British<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 Parliament, questions and answers having to do with<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 nuclear fuel, and the Secretary of State for Trade and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 Industry is being asked about quantities of spent fuel<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 from Canada that have been contracted for reprocessing at<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 Cello Field in England.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 Q. And can you summarize your understanding of what the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 response by the British Government was?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 A. Yes. The response here is that a certain amount of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 plutonium, a certain amount of spent fuel from Canada has<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 been reprocessed beginning in 1970, and that the plutonium<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 has been returned to Canada. I have personal knowledge of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 the fact that at Chalk River they have maintained a pilot<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 plutonium fuel fabrication line since the 1970s, since<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 1970 and before, and that they have processed at Chalk<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 River approximately three tons, more than three tons of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 MOX fuel from recycled civilian plutonium. This is part<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 of that, the plutonium that is here being referred to as<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 being recycled or reprocessed in Britain, that's part of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 the total amount of plutonium that Canada has acquired for<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 the purposes of MOX fabrication.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 I mentioned that Canada also does not discourage<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 client customers from reprocessing. This is in<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 distinction to the American policy. The American policy,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 since the Carter administration, successive<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 administrations have maintained the policy of not only not<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 allowing reprocessing in the United States, but also<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 discouraging reprocessing in other countries insofar as<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 that is possible. Canada does not share this policy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 completely. We do not reprocess in Canada but, on the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 other hand, we don't hesitate, it seems, to send our spent<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 fuel to other countries to get reprocessed so that we can<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 develop expertise in plutonium recycling.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 Q. Does Canada have any relationship with the nation of Japan<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 respecting nuclear material?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 A. Yes. Canada, as is probably known to the Court, is the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 world's largest exporter of uranium. We are one of the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 world's largest producers of uranium and the world's<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 largest exporter of uranium. We have bilateral agreements<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 with our customers as to the use of that uranium. Of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 course, we have requirements that that uranium not be used<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 for military purposes. If a client customer such as Japan<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 who buys a good deal -- Japan purchases a good deal of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 uranium from Canada. If a client customer wishes to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 reprocess their spent fuel to recover plutonium, they do<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 have to get prior permission from the Government of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 Canada, so when plutonium is reprocessed for the Japanese,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 in the case where uranium from Canada is involved, the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 Canadian Government gives their permission for that.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 Q. Even if it is offshore from Canada?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 A. Yes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 MR. LODGE: Thank you. I have nothing further.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 THE WITNESS: Thank you.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 Sorry.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 MR. LODGE: Yes?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 THE WITNESS: Excuse me.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 MR. DODGE: Not quite finished, Dr. Edwards.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 THE WITNESS: You knew the time was short. I<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 was jumping the gun a little.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 CROSS EXAMINATION<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 BY MR. DODGE:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 Q. Good morning, Mr. Edwards. My name is Bob Dodge. We have<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 met once before back in December.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 A. That's right.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 Q. Just a few questions. You testified about the quantity of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 plutonium that would be included in the Russian shipment.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 A. Yes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 Q. Do you recall that?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 A. Yes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 Q. You testified that it was 135 grams?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 A. That's what was announced, yes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 Q. And how many ounces is that?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 A. How many ounces is that?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 Q. Yes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 A. I don't think in terms of ounces. I have to do the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 conversion.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 Q. Can you do the conversion?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 A. I don't have the --<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 Q. If I told you that one ounce is 28 grams, does that sound<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 about right?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 A. I have no reason to doubt it. We are on the metric system<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 in Canada, we don't use ounces anymore.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 Q. I understand. If I estimated 135 grams was approximately<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 five ounces, would you quarrel with that?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 A. I would have no reason to quarrel with that.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 Q. Now, you also testified about the amount of plutonium that<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 would have to be inhaled in order to exceed the maximum<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 permissible dose under Canadian regulations?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 A. That is correct.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 Q. And in your testimony, as I understood it, the assumption<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 you were making was that every single molecule of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 plutonium that was in that sample would end up in<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 somebody's lungs; is that right?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 A. That's right. It's calculating the theoretical<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 potential. It is not talking about a realistic scenario.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 Q. Not only would all of the plutonium have to end up in<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 someone's lungs, but the plutonium would have to be evenly<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 divided so that each person got exactly the same amount of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 plutonium, it's not all concentrated in one person, you<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 would have to take one-millionths of the sample, put it in<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 one person's lungs and put the next one-millionth in the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 next person's lungs and so on?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 A. That is correct.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 Q. Do you have any idea, if you performed the same analysis<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 on this table, what sort of toxicity numbers you would<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 get?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 A. I have no idea of what that would be, no.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 Q. Now you also talked about Canada's policies regarding<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 plutonium reprocessing.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 A. Yes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 Q. Do you recall that?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 A. Yes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 Q. Do you have any understanding of whether the plutonium in<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 the Parallex MOX samples will or will not be reprocessed<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 in Canada?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 A. It will-- to the best of my knowledge, it will not be<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 reprocessed in Canada, although that option apparently is<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 not decided.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 Q. What is the basis for that last?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 A. Because Canada has a policy that at sometime in the future<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 they may reprocess.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 Q. Do you have any understanding whether there is an<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 understanding between the Government of Canada and the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 Government of United States or the Government of Russia as<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 to whether these particular samples will or will not be<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 reprocessed?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 A. I do not, no.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 MR. DODGE: Thank you very much.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 REDIRECT EXAMINATION<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 BY MR. LODGE:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 Q. Dr. Edwards, the House of Commons question and answer, do<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 you know of any particular statistics on Canada's shipping<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 of spent fuel to British nuclear fields and fuels at Cello<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 Field?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 A. I don't have those figures with me, I'm sorry. I could<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 supply them to the Court, if desired. I do have some<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 figures at my office at home, I don't have them here. But<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 we are talking -- if we are talking about three tons of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 MOX being fabricated at Chalk River, then one could work<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 out approximately how much of that would contain<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 plutonium, how much plutonium would be contained assuming,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 for example, three percent.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 Q. Right.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 A. And then one could reasonably suppose that the lion's<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 share of that would come from Cello Field. Now I have<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 figures on shipments from Cello Field, but I don't have<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 them here.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 Q. My question is: Would you presume that the Atomic Energy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 Control Board of Canada, or AECL of Canada, would make<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 public the fact that the spent MOX from Parallex were<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 being shipped to Britain for reprocessing? Would you<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 presume that would become public knowledge?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 A. No, I would not assume anything related to plutonium would<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 become public knowledge in Canada. Canada has a very<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 non-public attitude toward plutonium dealings. In fact,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 the existing plutonium dealings in Canada including the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 BNFL contracts is not public knowledge other than as it<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 has been raised in foreign countries such as in Britain or<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 by documents that have been leaked to nongovernmental<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 organizations. This is not something which Atomic Energy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 of Canada Limited makes public.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 MR. LODGE: Thank you.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 MR. DODGE: No recross, Your Honor.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 THE COURT: You may step down, Dr. Edwards.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 Thank you.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 MR. LOVE: Your Honor, if it please the Court,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 the Plaintiffs would call Francis Boyle to the stand<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 FRANCIS BOYLE - PLAINTIFFS' WITNESS - SWORN<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 COURT CLERK: Please be seated and state and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 spell your name for the record.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 THE WITNESS: My name is Francis Boyle.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 F-r-a-n-c-i-s B-o-y-l-e.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 DIRECT EXAMINATION<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 BY MR. LOVE:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 Q. Dr. Boyle, are you currently employed?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 A. Yes, I am a professor of international law at the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 University of Illinois College of Law in Champaign.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 Q. How long have you been employed in that capacity?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 A. 1978.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 MR. LOVE: Your Honor, may I approach the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 witness?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 BY MR. LOVE:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 Q. Dr. Boyle, I'm showing you what has been marked as<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 Supplemental Preliminary Injunction Hearing Plaintiffs'<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 Exhibit 3 and ask you if you can identify that document.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 A. It's a copy of my professional resume.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 Q. Was this resume prepared at or under your direction?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 A. Yes. I think it's current as of January 28th, 1999. I've<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 been kind of busy in the last year, haven't revised it.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 Q. To the extent it's current through that date, does that<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 accurately reflect your experience, education, seminars<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 that you participated in, and articles that you've<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 authored?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 A. Not seminars I've participated in, that would be too many<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 but, you know, the essence of my professional career and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 articles-- significant teaching, consulting, practice.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 I'm also a licensed attorney as well.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 Q. If you would, give us a brief recitation of your<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 educational background?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 A. I attended the University of Chicago where I studied<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 international relations with Professor Hans Morganthal who<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 is the mentor of Dr. Henry Kissinger at Harvard. I was<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 one of seven students in my class elected to Phi Beta<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 Kappa as a junior.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 I also did work in mathematical biology, winning<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 the award for the work I did in that area by the world's<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 leading geneticist now at Harvard.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 I graduated in three years. From there I went<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 to Harvard Law School. I have a J.D. Magna Cum Laude from<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 Harvard Law School specializing in international law.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 I also entered the Graduate School of Arts and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 Sciences at Harvard in the Department of Government. I<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 have a Master's degree and a Ph.D. in political science<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 specializing in international relations, international<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 politics. This is the same Ph.D. program that produced<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 Henry Kissinger, Zabanya Brezenski (phonetic) and other<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 high level U.S. Government officials.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 I was at the Harvard Center for International<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 Affairs for two years. Kissinger and Brezenski had been<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 there before me.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 I spent two years teaching in the Harvard<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 College undergraduates international law organizations,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 human rights. I practiced law with a Boston law firm for<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 a year at Bingham, Dana and Gould, where I did<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 international tax, and tax, and then finally in 1978 I<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 came to the University of Illinois. I went up for tenure<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 at the beginning of my third year, which I got, and I've<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 been tenured there since, you know, many years.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 Q. Since undertaking your position at University of Illinois,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 have you specialized in any area with respect to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 particular research, writing and international law?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 A. Well, for the purpose of our proceedings today, yes. I<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 have been specializing an enormous amount on the nuclear<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 weapons, nuclear weapons policy, proliferation, arms<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 control. Going back to my studies with Professor<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 Morganthal 30 years ago so I've been involved in these<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 issues starting as a student since 1969 and continuously<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 until today.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 THE WITNESS: Sorry, Your Honor, I have a bit of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 laryngitis.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 THE COURT: That's fine, no problem.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 BY MR. LOVE:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 Q. Dr. Boyle, if you would direct your attention to your<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 resume, I would like to touch on a few seminal points. On<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 the first page under teaching, the third entry down talks<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 about being a lecturer in Nuclear Weapons and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 International Law, 21st Senior Conference on Nuclear<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 Deterrence at U.S. Military Academy at West Point in<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 1983.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 A. Yes. This is a high level seminar run by the Pentagon,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 not for the cadets, but for about 200 of the highest level<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 officials of the United States Government dealing with<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 nuclear weapons proliferation, nuclear weapons policies,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 and I was asked to lecture to this conference, and I won't<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 go through all the high level officials there, but sitting<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 right in front of me for my lecture was the three star<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 general in charge of war operations at the Pentagon, at<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 that time General Mahaffey. And I also note I had read<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 the independent expert's report on the MOX program<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 U.S./Russia of 1977, one of the U.S. independent experts,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 Richard Garwin was there with me and he was also a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 lecturer with me to this group, so I do know that Garwin<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 was involved in the Parallex MOX recommendations.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 Q. With respect to the second to the last entry on Page 1 of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 Exhibit 3, talks about "Lecture Tour of the Soviet Union<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 on Nuclear Weapons and International Law for Lawyers'<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 Committee on Nuclear Policy and Association of Soviet<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 Lawyers" in 1986. What was involved with that?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 A. Yes. The former Soviet Union, their equivalent to the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 American Bar Association was the Association of Soviet<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 Lawyers, and in conjunction with the Lawyers' Committee on<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 Nuclear Policy headquartered here, they decided to invite<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 one professor to go over to the Soviet Union and lecture<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 around the country for two weeks on various issues related<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 to nuclear weapons and international law, and both<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 organizations selected me for this purpose, so I went over<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 for two weeks and gave several lectures per day, Moscow,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 Leningrad, Kiev to professors, lawyers, peace people,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 whoever, news media on various aspects of nuclear weapons<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">26<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 targeting doctrine as they relate to international law<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 and, in general, nuclear policies.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 Q. If you would direct your attention, Dr. Boyle, to Page 2<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 under Practice, fifth entry down it says "Author,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989, Public Law<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 Number 101-298 (1990) (adopted unanimously by both Houses<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 of Congress)," could you explain what that means, please?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 A. Yes. Your Honor, we are dealing here with a treaty, the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 Nuclear Proliferation Treaty-- Nonproliferation Treaty of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 1968. That treaty has been implemented by Congress in the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 Nuclear Nonproliferation Act of 1978, the Nuclear<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 Proliferation Prevention Act of 1994 and also recent<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 amendments in 1998 to deal with the India/Pakistan<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 explosions. I have direct personal experience on how you<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 take a treaty, an international treaty, and implement it<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 as a matter of United States Constitutional law by working<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 with Congress.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 The Biological Weapons Convention of 1972 is a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 treaty that is a total, not only arms control reduction<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 and elimination treaty for biological weapons, I gave a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 lecture on Capitol Hill calling for legislation, domestic<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 legislation to implement this treaty, and this<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 recommendation was taken up by a group I work for called<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 the Council of Responsible Genetics. I'm on their<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 Advisory Board. I also serve as counsel to them, so<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">27<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 pursuant to their request, I drafted the implementing<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 legislation, I authored it, how to implement this treaty.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 And then we took it to members of the House and the Senate<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 and we shepherded it through the entire process dealing<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 with members of Congress, both Houses, including testimony<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 I prepared. At that point in time, the Reagan<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 administration was opposed to this implementing<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 legislation. I had to deal personally with their position<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 papers against it refuting these things.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 Finally there was a change of policy when<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 President Bush came into office, to his credit, and they<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 supported the legislation. It finally was approved<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 unanimously by both Houses of Congress and signed into law<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 by President Bush in 1989. This legislation was called<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 the Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989. It was<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 later amended in the anti-terrorism and effect Death<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 Penalty Act of 1996.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 I thought I had drafted the most draconian piece<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 of legislation you could possibly imagine on biological<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 weapons, but there is always a loophole, Your Honor, so<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 Congress revisited this in 1996 to close some of the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 loopholes that had not been apparent to me and the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 scientists I worked with back in 19, starting in from '85<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 to about 1989. So I just cite this as having direct<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 personal experience with relationship between arms control<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">28<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 treatise, reduction treatise and then how they are<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 implemented by Congress. I have done this myself. On<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 biological weapons and I'm still involved in that issue.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 Obviously, I have not been involved in the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 drafting of the implementing legislation for the Nuclear<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 Proliferation Treaty of 1968, there are three pieces, but<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 I have read and reviewed the implementing legislation. I<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 have an understanding how they relate to the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 Nonproliferation Treaty and I also teach a course on this<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 subject, that is how international laws related to the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 United States Constitution is implemented by Congress and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 also carried out in the courts. I teach an entire course<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 just devoted to this subject.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 Q. Dr. Boyle, you've had some experience practicing before<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 what was known formerly as the International Court of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 Justice but currently the World Court; is that correct?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 A. Yes, I have.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 Q. Could you relate to the Court a summary of that<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 experience?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 A. Well, I've advised governments with respect to either<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 actual or potential World Court litigation, some of that<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 is still attorney/client confidence that I'm not prepared<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 to discuss. What I am prepared to discuss are those<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 matters that are in the public record.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 I did serve as counsel to Libya on the Lockerbie<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">29<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 bombing case. It was my recommendation the--<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 unfortunately President Bush had about the sixth fleet<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 mobilized off the coast of Libya and was about to bomb<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 Libya that we filed a lawsuit at the World Court to stop<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 the bombing. We filed a lawsuit, Libya was not bombed.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 Later on, I was General Agent for the Republic<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 in Bosnia of Herzegovina before the International Court of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 Justice. In other words, I was their first ambassador to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 the World Court for the Republic of Bosnia, Herzegovina,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 and I sued Yugoslavia for committing genocide against the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 Bosnian people. I won two cease and desist orders<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 overwhelmingly in favor of Bosnia against Yugoslavia.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 Later on, I publicly advised -- I advised the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 Bosnian Government to sue Britain for aiding and abetting<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 genocide against Bosnia, and President Izetbegovic<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 instructed me to sue Britain for a genocide against<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 Bosnia. That lawsuit was terminated under duress,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 threatened them, so they withdrew from those proceedings.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 Q. Dr. Boyle, with respect to your writings, if you would<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 direct your attention to Page 3 of Exhibit 3, the last two<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 entries at the bottom -- excuse me, the second to last<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 entries entitled Nuclear Weapons and International Law:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 The Arms Control Dimensions, do you see that?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 A. Yes. This was the lecture I gave to the West Point<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 Military Academy senior conference proceedings, which they<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">30<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 did publish in their proceedings at West Point, and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 actually under my books, I've just completed work on my<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 sixth book, which is entitled Nuclear Deterrence and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 International Law. And right now it is sitting at Pluto<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 Press -- I guess that's appropriate for today's<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 proceedings -- Pluto Press in Britain. They have<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 expressed an interest in publishing it. They are<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 currently evaluating it. I do not have a contract on that<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 book, but I did get the e-mail just before I came here, so<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 I'll have to deal with that when I go back.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 Q. With respect to your other publications, Dr. Boyle, I note<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 that on Page 4 you've got one entitled, about halfway<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 down, The Relevance of International Law to the "Paradox"<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 of Nuclear Deterrence.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 A. That is correct.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 Q. Can you tell us briefly what the subject matter is?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 A. After I made the lecture at West Point, obviously the U.S.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 military officials and others, we had a fairly vigorous<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 debate, let me put it that way. And that vigorous debate<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 between myself and these others led to this article that<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 was later published here in the United States and also<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 translated into Dutch, because the Dutch lawyers wanted it<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 to be available as part of the debate in Holland over the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 deployment of the U.S. intermediate nuclear forces under<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 the Reagan administration, so they translated the whole<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">31<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 thing into Dutch and it was published in the Netherlands.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 MR. LOVE: Your Honor, I have no further<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 questions of Dr. Boyle with respect to qualifications, and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 I tender him for voir dire to the U.S. Attorney's Office<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 subject to my motion to admit Plaintiff's Exhibit 3 into<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 evidence.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 MR. DODGE: I have no objection to the admission<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 of the C.V.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 THE COURT: Exhibit 3?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 MR. DODGE: Exhibit 3.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 THE COURT: You have no voir dire questions to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 ask either?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 MR. DODGE: Not with respect to that exhibit. I<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 may get into the resume on the cross.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 THE COURT: That's fair enough.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 Exhibit 3 is received.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 MR. DODGE: Thank you, your Honor.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 BY MR. LOVE:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 Q. Dr. Boyle, in preparing for your testimony here today,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 could you please outline for the Court -- I think you have<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 done so somewhat already -- some of the documents that you<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 reviewed and the source materials you looked at in<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 preparing your testimony today?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 A. I have a pretty detailed knowledge about these things<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 generally. For example, when the Nuclear Nonproliferation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">32<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 Act first came out in 1978, I did read it, but in<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 preparation for this testimony today, I've gone back and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 read the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, the Nuclear<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 Nonproliferation Act, the Nuclear Proliferation Prevention<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 Act of 1994, the 1998 amendments. I have read a large<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 quantity of documents produced by the Department of Energy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 on the Parallex Project. I have read the Environmental<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 Assessment dealing with the aspects of international<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 environmental law that have not been dealt with in the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 Environmental Assessment, in my opinion, should have been<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 dealt with the Stockholm Declaration, which is not there,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 and the World Court Advisory Opinion on 1996, I have an<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 article on it that. I didn't go back and read the whole<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 advisory opinion, but I reread the portions of the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 article, and other scholarly sources that deal with this<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 question. There are other sources I did not have a chance<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 to review not directly related to proliferation per se.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 But for example, in my opinion the EA should<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 have dealt with the UN Convention on the Law of the Seas.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 It's not in there. There's been nuclear accidents<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 convention, it's not dealt with in there. There is the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 Bowel convention on the International Transportation of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 Hazardous Substance and Toxic Materials, that's not in<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 there. I identified those as further sources that should<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 be analyzed in my opinion, but I haven't had a chance to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">33<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 go back and review all of those sources.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 Q. Dr. Boyle, did the types of materials that you've just<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 identified for the Court, are these the types of materials<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 that in your experience are relied upon by experts in the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 field of international law in forming opinions as to the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 legitimacy of governmental actions under internationally?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 A. Yes. I also have experience reading environmental impact<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 statements. When the Pentagon produced the DEIS or the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 biological defense research program, the Council for<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 Responsible Genetics asked me to evaluate this entire<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 thing -- it was an enormous document -- and submit formal<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 comments on it to the Pentagon, which I did do and they<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 did respond to. So this is the type of sources that<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 experts in my field would normally look at and review in<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 forming an opinion about Government behavior, and I have<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 done this before with respect to biological weapons.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 Q. Dr. Boyle, I'm going to show you what has been marked for<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 identification as Plaintiff's Exhibit 4. Ask you to take<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 a moment to look at that and let me know when you've had a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 chance to do so, please.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 A. Yes. This is the treaty on the nonproliferation of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 nuclear weapons, and as I've said, it has also been<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 implemented by Congress on the Nuclear Nonproliferation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 Act of 1978, the Nuclear Proliferation Prevention Act of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 1994 and also 1998 amendments.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">34<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 The critical point to keep in mind about this<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 treaty, Your Honor, is that Congress has passed<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 legislation expressing its understanding of what this<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 treaty means and what our obligations are under this<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 treaty. And this legislation is binding on the Department<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 of Energy, on the President, on the Department of State<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 and respectfully, Your Honor, on this Court. And what we<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 see, when you read through it all, is Congress has<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 decided, and prior to that the Atomic Energy Act as well,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 that nuclear power, nuclear weapons, nuclear proliferation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 is so important to the American people and our republic,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 that they have decided to engage in micro management of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 everything related to this subject and have pretty much, I<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 would not say completely eliminated, but whittled down<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 substantially any discretion that the executive branch<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 might have in this area. I have, as I said, I did read<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 the NPA back in 1978, but when you add in everything else,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 what surprised me was how little discretion was left to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 the executive branch with respect to nuclear<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 proliferation, nuclear weapons. In this area, they have<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 very little discretion.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 Q. Professor Boyle, if you could, can you explain to the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 Court what the implications are for Canada, Russia and the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 United States under the Nonproliferation Treaty?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 A. Well, my reading of both the treaty and in light of the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">35<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 Department of Energy documents describing Parallex and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 MOX, the Red Team report, many other documents that I've<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 read, in my opinion, there are serious problems,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 compliance problems for this entire project under Articles<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 I, II and III of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty as<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 interpreted by the United States Congress.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 The Article I deals with the obligations of the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 United States and Russia. Each nuclear weapons State<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 Party to the Treaty, i.e. U.S. and Russia, undertakes not<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 to transfer to any recipient whatsoever, i.e. Canada,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices, and we<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 have a problem here in that Congress has interpreted this<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 to mean components of nuclear weapons or nuclear explosive<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 devices; that is, Congress simply does not interpret this<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 to mean you can't hand over a bomb, but a component for a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 bomb is prohibited. And here we are dealing with weapons<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 grade plutonium, which Dr. Edwards has already testified<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 can be and indeed is, in his opinion, a component for<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 either a nuclear weapon or a nuclear explosive device.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 Okay?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 So when you read the treaty in light of the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 statutory scheme, in my opinion, there are serious<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 compliance problems here with Article I, which have not<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 been addressed in the EA. The DOE has not dealt with any<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 of these problems at all in the EA, indeed, they have<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">36<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 basically said in one of their comments "Well, once we<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 give it to Canada, it's their problem," and that just is<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 an incorrect statement, in my opinion.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 And it says "directly or indirectly," which<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 means also we, the United States, directly or indirectly<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 by encouraging and paying for the Russians to do this, you<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 see. So we are accountable for the Russian behavior<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 because we are working with them. And indeed, if we were<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 sued at the International Court of Justice -- let's<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 suppose something went wrong, Your Honor, and there was,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 as Dr. Edwards testified, an aerial explosion in the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 latest helicopter shipment and radiological dispersal of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 plutonium that came across the border, killing Americans,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 killing Canadians, others, if we were sued in World Court<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 over this, we would be found both jointly and severally<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 liable with Russia, with Canada, for any accident.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 Likewise, this is followed up by both shipments on the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 high seas of the plutonium. If there is an accident on<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 high seas, we could be sued at the World Court, the United<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 States, both ourselves and jointly and severally with<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 Russia and Canada over any accident here that might<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 happen. And that substantive liability could be based on<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 the U.N. Law of the Sea Convention. As I said, Your<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 Honor, I haven't had time to go through the environmental<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 provision of the Law of the Sea Convention, the Department<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">37<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 of Energy didn't even bother, and in the EA they did not<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 look at this at all. They did not consider this, but it<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 certainly is something that has to be considered, that<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 they haven't looked at.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 And then "not in any way to assist, encourage or<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 induce any non-nuclear weapon State to manufacture or<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 otherwise acquire nuclear weapons or other nuclear<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 explosive devices." Well, the problem here is Canada is<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 supposed to be a non-nuclear weapons state and says<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 "otherwise acquired nuclear explosive devices." Well, we<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 are giving them weapons grade plutonium, which again<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 Dr. Edwards has testified, and he is Canadian, is a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 component of a nuclear weapons or nuclear explosive<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 device. And again, "or control over such weapons or<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 explosive devices." We are giving them weapons grade<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 plutonium. And if you look at how Congress has<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 interpreted this, they interpret it down to components,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 they even talk about substances that they are trying to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 regulate everything, and understand the 1978 legislation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 was a very strict interpretation of what this treaty means<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 as far as the United States Government is concerned. And<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 I think we really need a comprehensive assessment here by<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 the Department of Energy as to whether or not any of these<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 transfers is consistent with Article I. Under the current<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 circumstances, they haven't bothered to look at any of the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">38<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 terms as defined by Congress, the applicability of the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 Congressional legislation to the transfers.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 Likewise, Article II, Your Honor, Article II<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 deals with the Canadian obligations, "Each<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 non-nuclear-weapon State Party to the Treaty undertakes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 not to receive the transfer from any transferor whatsoever<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 Again, the same analysis here needs to be done. This<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 weapons grade plutonium, in my opinion and Dr. Edwards'<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 opinion, is clearly a component of either a nuclear weapon<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 or nuclear explosive device. And Canada, according to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 this language, has agreed not to receive this material.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 And by the way, as Dr. Edwards correctly pointed out, Your<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 Honor, this was consistent United States policy, stopping<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 proliferation of this type of material for any reason<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 going back to the Carter administration. We are seeing a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 major dramatic change here in United States<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 nonproliferation policy, and that policy, Your Honor,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 going back to the Carter administration, is enshrined in<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 law by Congress in the Nuclear Nonproliferation Act of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 1978. So again, in my opinion, I believe these issues<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 likewise need to be addressed by the Department of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 Energy. They have not been addressed in the environmental<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 assessment at all.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 "Or control over such weapons or explosive<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">39<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 devices, directly or indirectly." Well, again, we are<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 giving Canada, either ourselves in the first shipment or<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 indirectly by means of the Russians in the second<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 shipment, control over a component for a nuclear weapon or<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 a nuclear explosive device. That's very clear they are<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 getting it. And according to the EA, we are trusting<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 their good intentions. There is no assurance in the EA<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 that this weapons grade plutonium is subject to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 international safeguards. No. Despite the fact that<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 Congress has made it very clear that any transfer, and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 Congress also made it clear in the legislation that they<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 are against any transfers of this type of stuff to other<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 States. But if there are any transfers at a minimum there<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 have to be absolute guaranteed protections on<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 international assurances to make sure it is not misused,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 and you will note in the EA it says nothing about it.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 There are no assurances about anything.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 Now, "to manufacture or otherwise acquire<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices; and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 not to seek or receive any assistance in the manufacture,"<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 etcetera, etcetera.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 Article III then deals with the safeguard<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 requirements; that is, if there are transfers of materials<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 for peaceful purposes, and you know you can obviously,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 Your Honor, you can read this yourself. There must be<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">40<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 safeguards. Under the supervision of the International<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 Atomic Energy Agency, the Environmental Assessment says<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 nothing at all about these safeguards. Nothing. It isn't<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 in there.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 Apparently we have to rely on not even<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 statements by Canada that what we are transferring there,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 what we are encouraging the Russians to transfer are<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 somehow going to be safeguarded despite the fact that<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 Article III says that there must be safeguards, and we<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 simply don't have them.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 Q. Dr. Boyle, I'm going to show you what's been marked for<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 identification as Plaintiff's Exhibit 5 and ask you to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 take a look in the upper right-hand corner, and after<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 you've had a moment to review that, let me know, please.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 A. Yes. This is an article I had read in preparation for my<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 testimony here today, from the Toronto News.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 Q. Based on your experience and expertise, Dr. Boyle, is this<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 the type of information that an international law scholar<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 could rely on in formulating opinions about the state or<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 nationally?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 A. Well, here is stating comments by Mr. Tom Clemens, head of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 the Washington-based Nuclear Control Institute. It's a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 recognized organization dealing with nuclear policies, and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 certainly experts in my field would rely upon statements<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 produced by the Nuclear Control Institute and, indeed,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">41<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 prior to my testimony today, I did read several documents<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 produced by the Nuclear Control Institute just in the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 normal course of preparing, yes. An expert in my field<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 would rely on this.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 Q. Dr. Boyle, my recollection is you testified this appeared<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 in the Toronto --<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 A. News.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 Q. -- News and it --<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 A. The Globe and Mail, which is, you know, it's sort of like<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 the New York Times here in the United States, a newspaper<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 of public record, so again, it's not like a tabloid or<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 something like this.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 Q. Plaintiff's Exhibit 5, Dr. Boyle in the right-hand column<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 attributes some comments to a Sunni Locatelli purportedly<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 a spokeswoman at the Atomic Control Board. Do you see<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 that?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 A. Yes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 Q. What if anything is the significance, based on your<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 experience as expertise, of considering published reports<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 attributed to spokespersons for governmental entities in<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 formulating use of international law?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 A. Yes. There is a decision by the International Court of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 Justice in the nuclear test cases dealing with nuclear<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 explosions 1974, stating that the Court can rely upon<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 official statements made by Government officials acting<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">42<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 within their scope of authority and certainly Locatelli<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 here is the spokeswoman of the Atomic Energy Control<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 Board. So basically, I would be able to take this<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 statement and file it at the World Court and they would<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 find the statement could be, would be attributable to the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 Canadian government, and Canada would be bound by this<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 statement.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 Q. What does that article, Plaintiff's Exhibit 5, attribute<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 to Miss Locatelli?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 A. She can't reveal how much fissile material Canada has. We<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 aren't able to give out that information under our<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 security regulations. Ms. Locatelli said Canada believes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 it should come under the IA/EA guidelines because it<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 doesn't operate its own reprocessing facilities. I think<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 Dr. Edwards just pointed out that isn't correct. But even<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 if it were correct, it does come under IA/EA, and we need<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 to know, the United States Government under the NPT, under<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 the Congressional implementing legislation, we have to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 know how much fissile material Canada has.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 And basically, we are just taking their,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 whatever their word is for it, and in my opinion, that's<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 unacceptable. We have to know how much material they have<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 and what they are doing with it, and what she's saying<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 here is "Well, we are just not going to tell you." And<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 you will note in the EA, the Department of Energy has<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">43<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 taken the same position. One of the comments made was<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 "Well, what is Canada doing," and the response of the DOE<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 is well, that is Canada's problem, once it leaves here we<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 are no longer responsible. The treaty and statutory<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 regime make it clear that's not the case. We are<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 responsible for our plutonium, wherever it goes. And<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 Congress has made it clear even if we do give it up, we<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 have to have absolute international safeguards as to what<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 is going to happen with our plutonium. And the same would<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 apply if we are encouraging Russia to ship weapons grade<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 plutonium to Canada. We have an obligation to make sure<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 that it's safeguarded and that it can be accountable and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 accounted for. And what Ms. Locatelli here is saying<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 "Well, sorry, we are just not going to tell you." Again,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 this raises serious problems in my mind that have not been<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 dealt with by the Department of Energy as to compliance<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 with the IA/EA safeguards regime, which is absolutely<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 required under Article III of the NPT and also required<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 under the Nuclear Nonproliferation Act. Indeed, if I<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 remember correctly, the 1994 implementation, Your Honor,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 Congress said that transferring of unsafeguarded plutonium<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 is an act of international terrorism as far as Congress is<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 concerned.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 So and that would trigger a whole host of other<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 provisions of the federal code dealing with international<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">44<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 terrorism, so we really need to know what is going to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 happen to our plutonium when it gets up into Canada, and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 to make sure there are safeguards and it is accountable<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 and there is an explanation here.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 Now Mr. Clemens then said that, in his opinion,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 Canada has 40 kilograms of plutonium, it's really not<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 accounted for or accountable for by anyone, and that<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 basically makes Canada a de facto nuclear weapons state.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 I would agree, assuming that they do have the 40 kilograms<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 of plutonium, and I take it you know Mr. Clemens -- I had<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 e-mail correspondence with Mr. Clemens about this matter.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 He feels that they do have it and that his group, the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 Nuclear Control Institute, will be making this evidence<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 available soon. He told me it is not yet -- he is not yet<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 prepared to make it public, but they will be going public<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 with it soon.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 In my opinion, if that is the case, they have 40<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 kilograms of plutonium, that's enough to make five bombs,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 and that makes Canada a de facto nuclear weapons state<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 under the NPT and, in my opinion, would be inconsistent<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 with the NPT. There is a potential here for Canada being<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 in violation of the NET. We need to know that. Congress<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 has sanctions in there in the implementing legislation for<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 non-nuclear weapons states being, moving into a position<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 where they are de facto nuclear weapons states in<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">45<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 violation of the NPT.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 It's clear Congress interprets our obligations<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 under the treaty to mean that a non-nuclear weapons state<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 simply cannot go off, assemble all the components for a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 bomb, have one here, one there and one there, and then<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 say, oh but we are not a nuclear weapons state because we<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 haven't assembled the bomb.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 Again, Congress made it very clear, no. Indeed,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 in one of the pieces of legislation, Congress indicated<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 that it was also concerned with a facto nuclear weapons<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 states that an end run around the NPT, and the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 Congressional regime applicable to it. Again, I regret to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 report I haven't seen any of these issues dealt with by<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 the Department of Energy in the Environmental Assessments<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 and, indeed, when they were asked about it, they just said<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 this is now Canada's problem. Wondered-- United States<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 law of the NPT, it is not Canada's problem alone, it is<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 our problem because it's our plutonium and it's Russian<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 plutonium that we are paying to send up to Canada.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 Q. Professor Boyle, based on the representations of Miss<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 Locatelli on behalf of Atomic Energy Control Board of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 Canada that they don't believe they are subject to the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 IA/EA guidelines, what if any impact would that have on<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 the United States' responsibility under the Nuclear<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 Nonproliferation Treaty of 1978?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">46<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 A. It's very clear, Your Honor, the NPT and the Congressional<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 implementing legislation that we ourselves cannot ship<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 weapons grade plutonium there or engage in the Russians to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 ship weapons grade plutonium unless there are absolutely<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 safeguards by the IA/EA that, to make sure that there is<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 no diversion. And again, Miss Locatelli is indicating<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 there is a high amount of uncertainty as to what is<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 happening with the Canadian plutonium. We simply don't<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 know. In the EA, there are no guarantees given by the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 Department of Energy as to what is happening to plutonium<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 up in Canada.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 Q. You may have testified to this, Dr. Boyle, and I apologize<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 if I missed it, but are Russia, Canada and the United<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 States all signatory partis to the Nonproliferation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 Treaty?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 A. Yes. We are all parties. There are about 182 or 183<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 states that are parties. The United States and Russia are<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 nuclear weapon states, parties to the convention, that is,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 we are permitted to have nuclear weapons and nuclear<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 components, etc. Canada is designated a non-nuclear<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 weapons state. And they are supposed to preserve this<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 stative or statement. Yet according to the Nuclear<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 Control Institute, they have enough plutonium up there to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 at least manufacture five bombs. So somehow this has to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 be explained and accounted for in order for them to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">47<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 continue their non-nuclear weapons state status under the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 NPT, so again, the Nuclear Control Institute is raising<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 very serious compliance problems and potentially serious<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 violation of the NPT by Canada, and there are severe<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 sanctions in the United States laws enacted by Congress<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 under the Simplemen legislation, Your Honor, in the event<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 a state that is a non-nuclear weapons state moves to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 become a nuclear weapons state. And again, none of this<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 has been addressed by the Department of Energy in the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 environmental assessment that I'm aware of, either in the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 environmental assessment or elsewhere.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 Q. Dr. Boyle, could you advise the Court, if you would, as to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 what the ramifications legally are of being a signatory<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 party to an international treaty such as the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 Nonproliferation Treaty?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 A. Yes. Your Honor, of course, the basic rule of Pacta Sunt,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 P-a-c-t-a-s-u-n-t, Servanda, S-e-r-v-a-n-d-a.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 The other point -- there are two other points,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 however, that must be kept in mind in interpreting any<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 treaty and especially the NPT. First, the treaty must be<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 interpreted in good faith. And again, the question here<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 with Canada maintaining 40 kilograms of plutonium is<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 whether or not this is a good faith interpretation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 implementation of the NPT by Canada.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 Second, the treaty must be interpreted in<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">48<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 accordance with its object and purpose, and that in this<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 case the NPT is to stop nuclear proliferation. And again,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 this entire program, the Parallex program, in my opinion,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 seems to defeat the object and purpose of the NPT, which<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 is to stop nuclear proliferation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 The third point to keep in mind is that this<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 treaty has already been interpreted by Congress and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 implemented by Congress. And Congress is agreeing with<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 what I'm saying here, Your Honor, and I'm agreeing with<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 what Congress is saying. Congress has made it very clear<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 that they do not want to see any type of nuclear<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 proliferation or programs that encourage nuclear<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 proliferation. And we are now seeing a drastic departure<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 from the policy enacted in Congress pursuant to the NPC<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 back in -- the NPT back in 1978 in the Nuclear<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 Nonproliferation Act, and we have seen no change in the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 legislation by Congress to authorize or approve this<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 drastic change. And again, I agree with what Dr. Edwards<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 said from his Canadian perspective, my American<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 perspective, the Parallex MOX project is a drastic change<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 in encouraging proliferation of nuclear weapons components<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 and there has been no direct approval, change of statutes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 or whatever. So again, this, in my opinion, raises very<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 serious problems under the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 as interpreted in good faith and in accordance with its<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">49<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 object and purpose not only for Canada, but the United<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 States and Russia. And in my opinion, we should have a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 full study of all these issues by the Department of Energy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 before there is any further movement on this project.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 The implications here are enormous. They could<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 be catastrophic, and I personally would like to see a full<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 scale investigation analysis so that I could evaluate it<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 myself before anyone goes ahead with this project, but of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 course that, you know, that's my personal opinion. I know<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 that's for you, Your Honor, to decide.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 Q. Dr. Boyle, what if anything is the requirement or<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 obligation of the United States to interpret the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 Nonproliferation Treaty in good faith? I think you<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 testified that Canada has that obligation. Does the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 United States have a similar obligation?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 A. Yes. And as a matter of fact, here Congress has<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 interpreted our obligation under the NPT and, in my<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 opinion, Congress has interpreted our obligations under<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 the NPT in good faith and also in accordance with the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 object and purpose of this treaty. Congress interpreted<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 this by means of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Act of 1978,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 the Nuclear Proliferation Prevention Act of 1994 and the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 1998 amendments to do with the India-Pakistani<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 explosions. So in my opinion, Congress did interpret this<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 treaty in good faith and in accordance with its object and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">50<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 purpose and it appears to me the Department of Energy is<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 off there on their own with no express authorization from<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 Congress pursuing a policy here that defeats the object<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 and purpose of the NPT.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 Q. By that, you are referring to the Parallex project?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 A. Yes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 Q. With respect to the Congressional implementation of the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 NPT in the '78, '94 and '98 acts, what if anything is the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 role of the Department of State and/or Department of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 Energy with respect to interpreting those obligations?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 A. Yes. Your Honor, it's very clear from the treaty related<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 to the statutory scheme. Treaties deal with international<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 law and foreign relations. Therefore, they are normally<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 negotiated and concluded by the Department of State and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 then they are handed over to the Senate Foreign Relations<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 to the Senate for advice and consent. It is the State<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 Department that traditionally has always had the sole and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 exclusive role here in the United States with respect to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 nonproliferation policy, not the Department of Energy.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 The Department of Energy has always been treated as a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 technical agency, technical consultant. The policy is<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 formulated by the State Department. There had been, again<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 going back to the Carter administration, United States<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, Your Honor, set up by<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 Congress to deal precisely with these issues. They were<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">51<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 the ones given the authority to deal with proliferation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 and nonproliferation policies negotiate these agreements,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 etcetera. Senator Helms in the latest did not like act,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 he concluded it was super numerator morgue or something so<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 he passed legislation terminating the Arms Control<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 Disarmament Agency and transferring all functions to the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 Department of State today. But if you read the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 Congressional implementing legislation, they make it very<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 clear that the lead role played on proliferation and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 nonproliferation policy is the Department of State, not<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 the Department of Energy, and the Department of State<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 should consult with the Department of Energy. At times<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 the Department of Energy is given authority to have its<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 input to the Department of State, but it's the Department<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 of State that makes nonproliferation policy, not the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 Department of Energy.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 Q. In your review of the environmental assessment prepared by<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 the Department of Energy in January of '99, Dr. Boyle,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 regarding the Parallex Project, is there any indication<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 that the Department of Energy consulted with the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 Department of State? And if you don't mind, I direct your<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 attention to Page 41 of Plaintiff's Exhibit 12 previously<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 admitted and ask you to refer to that.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 A. Yes. They had a list here of agencies consulted. Your<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 Honor, over here on Page 41, it says agencies consulted<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">52<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 during the preparation of this analysis: Atomic Energy of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 Canada, Canadian Atomic Energy Control Board, U.S.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 Department of Transportation, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 Commission. They do not consult with the Department of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 State and, in my opinion, and also in the opinion of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 Congress, if you read through all the implementing<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 legislation, I know, Your Honor, as I understand it, you<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 are a conscientious Judge so I'm sure you are going to do<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 this, you'll see that they have to deal with the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 Department of State. And the main problem with this EA is<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 they have not dealt with the Department of State, they<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 have not dealt with the nonproliferation issues, they have<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 not dealt with the Nonproliferation Treaty, they have not<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 dealt with the 1978 Act, they have not dealt with the 1994<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 Act, they have not dealt with the 1998 Act. All that is<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 expressly required by Congress. So again, in my opinion,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 for some reason the Department of Energy has just decided<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 to go out there on its own and completely either ignore or<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 violate the Congressional statutes and procedures for<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 dealing with proliferation and nonproliferation issues.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 Q. Dr. Boyle, to your knowledge, has the Department of State<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 retreated at all from the U.S. commitment to the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 Nonproliferation Treaty as implemented by Congress through<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 the legislation you've indicated?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 A. No, and as a matter of fact, Madeline Albright was just<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">53<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 out in India-Pakistan with President Clinton. As you<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 know, President Clinton stated that today India-Pakistan,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 the Indian subcontinent is the most dangerous place on the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 face of the earth because of the proliferation problem,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 and they both have nuclear weapons now, and the dispute<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 over Casmir.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 President Clinton then was just lectured in the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 Indian Parliament publicly by the speaker of Parliament<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 for making the statement, but I think it's a fair and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 accurate statement. Madeline Albright followed this up<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 with another statement reiterating our commitment to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 nonproliferation and, specifically with respect to India<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 and Pakistan, that this was the policy of the United<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 States Government, and also tying this into the integral<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 importance of safeguards.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 And again, that is a fair and accurate statement<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 of the policy being pursued by the President and the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 Secretary of State that is charged under the legislation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 and the Constitution to deal with these matters. There is<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 a complete and total disconnect here between what the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 President and Secretary of State are saying and what the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 Department of Energy is planning to do here in the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 environmental assessment.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 Q. Dr. Boyle, I'm going to show you what has been marked as<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 Plaintiff's Exhibit 11 and ask you to take a minute to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">54<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 review that and let me know when you have had a chance to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 do so, please.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 A. Yes. This is an account of the Secretary of State<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 Albright's statement on April 2, as recently as April 2<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 dealing with our proliferation policies. And let me draw<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 a few things to your attention. United States regards<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 proliferation anywhere as our Number 1 security concern.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 So again, she's pointing this out and she is the cabinet<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 officer with the authority to deal with these matters, not<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 the Secretary of Energy. We continue to seek universal<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 adherence to the NPT neither India nor Pakistan are<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 parties to the NPT. And here is crucial points: The<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 limits in our ability to cooperate with India and Pakistan<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 are a matter of U.S. law, as well as our international<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 obligations, all right? So Secretary Albright is pointing<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 out we have United States law that deals with<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 proliferation and this United States law -- of course,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 she's not a lawyer -- but the U.S. law is the Nuclear<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 Nonproliferation Act, the Proliferation Prevention Act and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 the '98 amendments as well as the Atomic Energy Act. So<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 there's a very comprehensive legislative scheme here as<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 well as our international obligation she points out.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 There are international treaties here, and in particular<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 the most important one being the one she just referred to,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 the Nonproliferation Treaty, and she is aware of that.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">55<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 Unfortunately, it does not appear that the Department of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 Energy is aware of it or is concerned about it in the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 least bit, at least as reflected in the environmental<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 assessment, they have not dealt with any of these issues<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 in environmental assessment nothing, none.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 Q. Dr. Boyle, based on your experience and investigations<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 study, are you aware of whether or not India and Pakistan<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 have Canadian CANDU reactors?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 A. As I understand it, they've got reactors from the Indian<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 Nuclear Bomb Project was a serous reactor, Canada, India<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 and United States, right. And Pakistan has a CANDU<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 reactor, right. And just the other day, the New York<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 Times reported the smuggling of substantial quantity of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 nuclear materials out of the former Soviet Union towards<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 Pakistan that was recently intercepted in Kazakhstan, I<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 think. So I think this is a very serious problem. And I<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 don't see how this Parallex MOX -- it's only going to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 compound the problem. These countries are doing<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 everything they possibly can. And here I would also add<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 in Israel is not a party to the NPT. There are other<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 states that have CANDU reactors, it has already been<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 reported in the professional literature, Your Honor, that<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 Japan too is a de facto nuclear weapons state in violation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 of the NPT. And as Dr. Edwards already reported, they<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 have gotten a good deal of their nuclear material from<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">56<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 Canada.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 So, we see -- Canadian reactors that are what,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 in South Korea, Taiwan, states that are interested in<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 getting nuclear weapons. Clearly Taiwan wants them, South<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 Korea wants them. And you know, not that I can speak for<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 these governments, but it seems to me they have made a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 decision the best way to get a weapon is to do it the way<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 the Indians did. We get a Canadian CANDU reactor, then we<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 start getting in whatever material we can get from, for<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 example, this MOX program. They will get plutonium and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 then they can make a bomb, they can assemble a bomb.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 As for the ease of assembling a bomb, Your<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 Honor, when I was a student at Harvard there was a very<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 bright student at MIT who, as a class project, assembled a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 bomb. He had everything there except the plutonium.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 That's how easy it is to assemble an atomic bottom, and he<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 brought it down there and, if I remember correctly, in<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 central square at MIT, and just showed it to everyone.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 Even a bright student at MIT can assemble a bomb, that's<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 how easy it is to do. And what we see on these states<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 that say they are non-nuclear weapons states is an effort<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 to get a CANDU reactor and do what the Indians do use the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 CANDU reactor, then they just need to get hold of the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 plutonium, and Parallex MOX is going to give them access<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 to this plutonium if it gets in circulation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">57<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 Q. Dr. Boyle, you've testified in some depth as to the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 Nonproliferation Treaty and the implementation by Congress<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 indicating Congress' intent to prohibit even components,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 parts of nuclear weapons to be covered by the U.S.; is<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 that correct?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 A. Congress has interpreted the NPT, as I said, in good<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 faith, and to achieve its object and purpose and they have<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 interpreted to mean components that is clear of nuclear<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 weapons or nuclear explosive devices and there are other<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 areas in legislation where they even break it down to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 items or substances that could be used for nuclear weapons<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 or nuclear explosive device, so Congress is aware of this<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 problem of a state becoming a de facto nuclear weapons<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 state and somehow trying to assemble components, items and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 substances to be used for a nuclear weapon in order to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 circumvent the treaty. So again Congress has interpreted,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 I think, the treaty properly.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 Q. Are you familiar in the course of your research with the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 DOE's stockpile of stewardship program?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 A. I am, yes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 Q. Are you familiar with their use in that program of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 subcritical amounts of weapons grade plutonium?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 A. Yes. Right now the Department of Energy is engaging in<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 what are known as subcritical tests. A subcritical test<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 is using -- they just did one this week, I think I gave<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">58<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 you the press release on it, and they are consistently<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 doing this.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 A subcritical test uses a subcritical amount of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 plutonium, which is under the -- it was eight kilograms.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 And they are exploding it in order to test, verify and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 develop the next generation of U.S. nuclear weapons. So<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 what we see the Department of Energy doing here is the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 subcritical tests, in my opinion, would constitute it's<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 not a nuclear weapon, but it is a nuclear explosive<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 device. Now, there is nothing illegal with, under the NPT<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 with us having a nuclear explosive device, because we are<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 a nuclear weapons state party, but again, it creates<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 problems other states are now mimicking our behavior.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 Russia is doing the same thing, France and Britain say<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 they are going to do the same thing. If we give weapons<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 grade plutonium to Canada, Canada could be doing the same<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 thing. Or the Russians give their weapons grade plutonium<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 to Canada, Canada could be doing the same thing, and other<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 states could be doing the same thing. So again, I think I<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 have serious concerns here, but I want to point out the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 DOE is already engaged in the subcritical tests which are<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 clearly nuclear explosive devices. So it just doesn't<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 have to be a bomb to be regulated by the NPT.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 Q. Dr. Boyle, in the scope of your experience and research,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 have you become acquainted with the International Court of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">59<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 Justice opinion regarding nuclear weapons in 1996?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 A. Yes. As a matter of fact, I was part of the effort<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 originally to try to get that advisory opinion from the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 World Court.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 Q. If you would explain briefly what the significance, if<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 anything, of that World Court decision on the Parallex<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 project is, in your opinion?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 A. Well, Your Honor, the World Court was asked by the United<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 Nations general assembly to give an opinion on the entire<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 question of nuclear weapons and international law. It's a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 very long decision with many separate decisions in the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 sense I've written an article here, Mr. Love might want to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 provide it to you, going through all of it. But in this<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 opinion, there are two critical components that are<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 relevant to the Parallex MOX project and, of course, the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 EA has not dealt with either, let alone the World Court<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 opinion, and the World Court opinion in this area<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 enunciates the rules of international law that are binding<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 on the United States Government, binding on Canada,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 binding on Russia. The one component of this opinion<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 deals with the environmental-- international environmental<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 law applicable to nuclear weapons, and you will note in<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 the EA, the DOE does absolutely nothing at all with<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 international environmental law applicable to this<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 transaction because it is an international transaction,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">60<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 they're shipping plutonium from the States up to Canada<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 and from Russia over to Canada. So international<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 environmental law is involved, and the DOE has done<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 nothing at all about it.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 And Mr. Love, I think you have the exact<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 language there. You want to provide that to me, the exact<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 ruling of the Court on the international environmental law<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 that would apply?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 MR. LOVE: Your Honor, we have tendered what I'm<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 going to show Dr. Boyle as Plaintiff's Exhibit 14, a copy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 of the World Court opinion to both the Court and counsel<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 previously.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 BY MR. LOVE:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 Q. Dr. Boyle, I'm going to show you what has been marked as<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 Plaintiff's Exhibit 14 and ask you to take a look at that<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 and let us know when you've had a chance to do so and what<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 it is.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 A. Right, this is the World Court advisory opinion. It's so<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 long, I'm going to have to get my notes on it, excuse me.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 I think, Mr. Love, I gave you my notes last<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 night on the relevant provisions of the opinion, the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 relevant paragraphs.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 Q. While I'm looking for your notes, could you direct your<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 attention to Paragraph 27, please?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 A. Right. What we need are the paragraphs here.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">61<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 Right. Yes, I have Paragraph 27.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 Your Honor, here the World Court unanimously<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 adopted Principle 21 of the Stockholm Declaration of 1972,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 which everyone would say today is a basic principle of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 international environmental law, which the EA has not<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 bothered to deal with. And it basically says states have<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 a duty "to ensure that activities within their<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 environment of other states or areas beyond the limits of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 national jurisdiction." That's a basic principle of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 international environmental law. It goes back to the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 Stockholm Declaration of 1972. It has direct relevance<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 here to this entire project. You've got international<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 shipment of plutonium, it's going over the high seas if it<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 goes by boat from Russia. That also triggers the Law of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 the Sea Convention that they have not dealt with. They<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 haven't dealt with the Stockholm Declaration, and they<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 have not dealt with this recent ruling by the World Court<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 as to obligations under international law. If you read<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 the EA when they are asked this question, they said "Once<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 we give to Canada, that's their problem." Well, again,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 that isn't a correct statement of international law. It<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 is our problem.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 The second important point of the ICJ opinion,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 and there are other sections here dealing with the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">62<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 environment -- and I know we have a limited amount of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 time, I'm not going to go through it all -- deals with the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 interpretation of the Nuclear Proliferation Treaty.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 This is an international treaty, the World Court<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 also has authority to interpret the Nuclear<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 Nonproliferation Treaty, and they have interpreted the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 Mr. Love, could you give me -- I identified a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 paragraph for you, I think it's 102.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 Q. I believe you are looking for Paragraph 102?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 A. 102, right.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 Q. May also want to take a look at Paragraph 99.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 A. 99 and 102, right.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 The World Court, in the same advisory opinion,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 has also dealt with the NPT and the obligation of Article<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 VI of the NPT, "Each of the parties to the treaty<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 undertakes to pursue negotiations in good faith on<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 effective measures relating to cessation of the" -- "in<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 disarmament, and on a treaty on general and complete<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 disarmament under strict and effective international<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 control." And they have interpreted this provision, NPT<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 Article VI, which we are a party to, by the way, to have a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 dual obligation, two components here: One, we must pursue<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">63<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 negotiations on nuclear disarmament as a matter of good<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 faith.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 Recently, I regret to report the U.S. Ambassador<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 to the Conference on Nuclear Disarmament sponsored by the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 United Nations has said "We are not going to pursue<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 nuclear disarmament negotiations." In my opinion, that<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 puts us in breach of NPT Article VI, certainly as<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 interpreted by the World Court. We have an obligation to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 pursue nuclear disarmament negotiations and we have just<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 said we are not going to do it. The Ambassador said "We<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 are going to pursue instead a treaty on the cutoff of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 fissile materials such as what is at stake here, but we<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 are not going to pursue nuclear disarmament negotiations."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 Well, Your Honor, it does seem to me that that is a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 violation of NPT Article VI and is certainly not meeting<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 the requirements of Article VI as interpreted by the World<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 Court. We must pursue these negotiations in good faith.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 And then the second component of the obligation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 is we must achieve a precise result. Nuclear disarmament<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 in all its aspects. And again just recently the U.S.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 Ambassador to the Council of Nuclear Disarmament under the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 auspices of the UN said "We are just not going to do it."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 The reason why this creates serious legal problems is that<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 the non-nuclear weapons states went along with the entire<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 Nuclear Proliferation Treaty on the assumption that the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">64<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 nuclear weapons states would engage in good faith<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament. If we are<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 not engaging in negotiations leading to nuclear<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 disarmament and publicly say we are not going to do it,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 this in theory could give the non-nuclear weapons states,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 all 175 of them, grounds to argue the material breach of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 the NPT and pull out of the NPT and to engage in nuclear<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 armament. Now I'm not recommending that and indeed I<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 certainly would not recommend that to anyone, but it is a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 very serious concern if we are not engaging in these<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 nuclear disarmament negotiations, which we are not<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 currently doing.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 Q. Dr. Boyle, could you briefly summarize for the Court why<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 the International Court of Justice opinions, if at all,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 are binding on the U.S.?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 A. This opinion per se is listed as an advisory opinion. So<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 it is -- we are not party to the lawsuit. As you know,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 some courts can give advisory opinions. Your Honor, you<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 can't give an advisory opinion, but there are courts in<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 the United States that some states courts have authority<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 to give advisory opinions as well as contentious<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 opinions. The World Court has both. They have authority<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 contentious opinion and an advisory opinion. This was not<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 a contentious case. If it were a contentious case, we<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 would be bound by it, like the Lockerbie case, like the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">65<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 Bosnia cases that I was involved with, those were<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 contentious cases. This was an advisory opinion, however,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 in this advisory opinion, with these unanimous rulings by<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 the World Court on these points, the World Court made it<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 clear that these rules are customary international law.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 And rules of customary international law bind the United<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 States Government. The Paquete, P-a-q-u-e-t-e, Habana,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 H-a-b-a-n-a, decision by the United States Supreme Court<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 customarily international law binds the United States and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 the United States courts. And technically, this is<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 federal common law. So the, Your Honor, this Court should<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 take into account the World Court rulings on these two<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 points on international environmental law and how the NPT<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 should be interpreted.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 The rest of the opinion, which is quite lengthy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 and I had written about elsewhere -- if you are interested<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 in reading my article, you can, but it's not really<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 relevant or terribly germane to the issues here, but<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 certainly, the section on international environmental law<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 and their interpretation of the NPT is relevant. I think<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 they enunciate rules of customary international law. I<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 also have reached the same conclusions myself in my own<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 scholarly research before the World Court did, but I think<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 most experts would agree with the rulings of the World<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 Court on these two points, it's requirements of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">66<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 international environmental law and the interpretation of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 the NPT.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 And again, the DOE's environmental assessment<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 has not taken any of this into account. They have not<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 taken into account the rules of international<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 environmental law, which they should do, and they have not<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 taken into account anything about the NPT.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 Q. Dr. Boyle, based on your review of the NPT, the Nuclear<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 Nonproliferation Acts of 1978, 1994, and 1998, the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 International Court of Justice opinion, and the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 declarations by the Department of State regarding the U.S.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 position with respect to the Nonproliferation Treaty<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 commitments we have made, do you have an opinion as an<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 expert in international law as to whether the foreign<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 policy of the United States would be violated by the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 shipment of MOX from Russia to Canada funded by the U.S.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 DOE?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 A. Well, again, I agree with everything Dr. Edwards said.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 Your Honor, this is a major change in United States<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 nonproliferation policy going back at a minimum to the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 Carter administration and the adoption of the Nuclear<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 Nonproliferation Act, it seems to me completely<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 inconsistent with the treaty, with the Act, the 1978 Act<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 and 1994 Act and the 1998 Act. So yes, this is a major<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 change in policy that potentially is illegal under the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">67<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 sources. And I would really like to see the Department of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 Energy comprehensively address all of these issues so we<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 could see what is their authority to do this. Besides<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 their own ipse dixit. I would like to see the authority.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 I don't see it in any of the sources I've read before for<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 them to unilaterally engage in this major change in policy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 that seems to be inconsistent with the Treaty, the '78<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 Act, the '94 Act and '98 Act, yes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 MR. LOVE: Your Honor, I have no further<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 questions of this witness. Thank you.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 CROSS EXAMINATION<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 BY MR. DODGE:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 Q. Morning, Mr. Boyle.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 A. Morning.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 Q. I would like to turn your attention back to your C.V.,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 which I think is Exhibit 3. Do you have that in front of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 you?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 A. Sure.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 Q. Just to round out a few items on the second page, about<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 halfway down you testified that you were counsel to Libya<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 in connection with the bombing of the Pan Am flight over<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 Lockerbie, Scotland.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 A. That is correct. I should point out that matter is being<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 peaceably resolved now by the United States and Libya<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 because of my efforts.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">68<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 Q. And you've also served, going up now the fourth item from<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 the top of that page, since 1987 you served as a legal<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 advisor to the Palestine Liberation Organization?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 A. That is correct, and I was also the legal advisor to the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 Palestinian delegation for the Middle East Peace Talks<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 convened under the auspices of President Bush, yes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 Q. And two items down from there said you were counsel<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 related to House Resolution 86 in the 102nd Congress<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 dealing with the impeachment of former, then President<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 George Bush?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 A. Yes. Congressman Henry G. Gonzalez of Texas reached a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 decision that President Bush going to war violated<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 numerous provisions of the Constitution and international<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 law. You can find them there in House Resolution 86. And<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 he asked me, because of my knowledge and expertise to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 serve as counsel to them on these matters, and I did serve<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 as counsel free of charge, that is correct.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 My service to the Palestinian Delegation in the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 Middle East Peace Negotiations is there in '91 and '93, as<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 I said, President Bush was the one who convened those<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 negotiations, and yes, even though I did set out with<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 Congressman Gonzalez on this issue, President Bush did<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 sign my Biological Weapons Anti-terrorists Act of 1989,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 which is --<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 Q. He apparently didn't hold your efforts against you<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">69<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 personally.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 A. Pardon me?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 Q. Sounds like he didn't hold it against you personally.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 A. I don't think he did, no. I'm a lawyer and a law<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 professor and I'm a professional, but he had no problems,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 President Bush had no problems with my Biological<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 Anti-Terrorism Act. It was approved unanimously by both<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 Houses of Congress.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 Q. Moving on to the third page, second item from the top of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 the page, you worked as a consultant in 1993 on<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 Independence for the State of Hawaii. I would assume for<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 Hawaii to become an independent nation?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 A. That is correct. The State of Hawaii-- the Hawaiian<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 Sovereignty Advisory Commission is an agency of the State<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 of Hawaii. And they were charged under the law by the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 State of Hawaiian law to investigate all alternatives for<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 the native Hawaiian people. One of the alternatives that<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 needed to be investigated was whether or not the native<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 Hawaiian people should establish their own independent<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 nation state. And I was retained by the State of Hawaii<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 then to advise them on this because of my experience doing<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 the same work with the Palestinians. I advised them on<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 the creation of their state and the peace talks with<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 Israel based on a two-state solution, and the Palestinian<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 state today has diplomatic recognition now by about 125<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">70<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 states, and currently has de facto UN membership, and I<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 did the legal work on that, so the State of Hawaii<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 retained me to come out and advise on the establishment of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 an independent nations state, and the State of Hawaii paid<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 my expenses and a modest fee for this work, yes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 Q. Moving on to the Nonproliferation Treaty, you testified<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 about Article I. Do you recall that?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 A. Yes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 Q. And as I understood your testimony, your view is that the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 fuel rods at issue in the Parallex Project, in your view,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 should be treated as components of a nuclear weapon; is<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 that right? Explosive device?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 A. No. What I said was weapons grade plutonium should be<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 treated as a component of either a nuclear weapon or a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 nuclear explosive device.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 Q. What about -- I mean, the Parallex test involves shipment<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 and then irradiation of fuel rods; is that correct?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 A. Right.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 Q. And is it your view or is it not your view that those fuel<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 rods constitute components of nuclear weapons or explosive<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 devices?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 A. My viewpoint is what I said, that weapons grade plutonium<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 is a component of a nuclear weapon or nuclear explosive<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 device.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 Q. You didn't answer my question. Do you understand the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">71<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 question?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 A. Well, I've given my answer.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 THE COURT: No, you haven't answered his<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 question. He asked you question, if you don't know the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 answer, say so. He asked you a very specific question<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 about rods.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 BY MR. DODGE:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 Q. In fact, the question has to do with your view, if you<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 have one, whether the fuel rods at issue in the Parallex<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 test program constitute components of nuclear weapons or<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 explosive devices.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 A. If they contain weapons grade plutonium, they would be or<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 could be components of nuclear weapons or nuclear<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 explosive devices.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 Q. Well, these fuel rods do contain plutonium; is that right?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 A. As I understand it, it's in there, yep.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 Q. So in your view, does that make the fuel rods components<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 of nuclear weapons or explosive devices?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 A. Again, my testimony is that the weapons grade plutonium<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 clearly is either nuclear -- is a component of a nuclear<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 weapon or a nuclear explosive device, and the reason I<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 give that testimony is based on my reading of the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 Congressional legislation, Congress has taken the position<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 that weapons grade plutonium or plutonium, in general, is<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 a component of a nuclear weapon or nuclear explosive<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">72<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 device. Congress does not deal with the fuel rods, they<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 dealt with the plutonium.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 Q. I want to make sure I understand your testimony clearly.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 Is it your testimony, is it your view that any<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 plutonium would qualify as a component of a nuclear<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 weapons or nuclear weapon or explosive device under the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 treaty?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 A. My testimony today is the weapons grade plutonium involved<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 in this project is a component of a nuclear weapons or<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 other nuclear explosive device. I believe weapons grade<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 plutonium is what is involved in this project.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 Q. I asked you a different question. The question was a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 broader one. Is it your view or not your view that all<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 plutonium would qualify as a component of a nuclear weapon<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 or explosive device under Article I?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 A. It appears Congress has taken that position, yes, and they<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 have stringently regulated plutonium in all forms. And I<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 also note that the United States Government has exploded a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 nuclear weapon --<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 THE COURT: The question is: Is it your<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 opinion? He is asking four or five times now, could you<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 answer that?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 THE WITNESS: But Your Honor, my opinion is<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 based on --<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 THE COURT: In courts -- I know you are a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">73<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 professor -- we answer the questions of the lawyer, not<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 what we want to talk about. He asked you seven or eight<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 questions, none of which you've answered. I would ask you<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 simply listen to the lawyer's question and answer it.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 THE WITNESS: Yes, Your Honor.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 BY MR. DODGE:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 Q. Do you understand the question?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 THE COURT: Ask it again for the fifteenth time,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 ask it again.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 BY MR. DODGE:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 Q. Is it your view that all plutonium constitutes a component<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 of nuclear weapon or explosive device under Article I of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 the treaty?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 A. It can.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 Q. It can?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 A. Yes. Yes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 Q. Is it your view across the board that plutonium, whether<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 weapons grade or not, if it's present in a fuel rod for<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 a-- destined for a civilian nuclear reactor would qualify<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 as a component of a nuclear weapon explosive device?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 A. It could.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 Q. Do you know whether as a general matter the signatories of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 the Nonproliferation Treaty have interpreted, whether any<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 signatory has interpreted Article I to ban transport of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 fuel rods containing plutonium?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">74<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 A. Congress has strictly regulated plutonium, yes, and there<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 is legislation on the books saying "We, Congress,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 interpreting our obligations under the NPT, are against<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 international transport of plutonium," yes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 Q. Has Congress passed any legislation prohibiting the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 transport of nuclear fuel rods containing any plutonium?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 A. In what I have reviewed for my testimony here today, I<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 have not seen in the '78, '94 or '98 Act that Congress has<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 prohibited transport of fuel rods.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 Q. In fact, fuel rods are transported across national<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 boundaries all the time; is that not correct?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 A. They are transported.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 Q. In fact, fuel rods containing plutonium are transported<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 across national boundaries all the time, isn't that<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 correct?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 A. If they are subject to-- they are supposed to be subject<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 to safeguards, yes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 Q. Well, that gets us to another point of your earlier<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 testimony regarding whether the fuel rods particularly at<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 issue in the Parallex Project are or are not subject to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 IA/EA safeguards in Canada. Do you recall that testimony?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 A. Yes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 Q. Do you have personal knowledge whether Canada, the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 Government of Canada has taken a position on whether the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 U.S. Parallex fuel rods, which are now in Canada, whether<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">75<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 those fuel rods are now subject to IA/EA safeguards?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 A. I have not seen any evidence because of the recentness of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 the movement of the shipments.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 Q. If I told you that the position of the Government of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 Canada is that those fuel rods are, in fact, subject to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 IA/EA safeguards, would you have any basis to quarrel with<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 that?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 A. The statement by Ms. Locatelli does call into question the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 validity of these assertions, yes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 Q. Miss Locatelli was generally speaking of Parallex fuel<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 rods, was she?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 A. Speaking about plutonium in general, right.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 Q. I take it you didn't speak personally to Miss Locatelli?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 A. No, I did not.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 Q. About this or any--<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 A. But I did speak with Mr. Clemens of NCI by e-mail and he<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 has similar concerns to me.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 Q. Okay. And did you speak to the newspaper reporter, Martin<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 Mittelstaedt, who quoted Ms. Locatelli?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 A. No, I did not.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 Q. Whether his quotes accurately reflect what she said or not<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 is not something you would be qualified to testify about;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 is that right?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 A. Well, I note The Globe and Mail is a newspaper of public<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 record and I would be able to rely on that in the World<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">76<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 Court for sure, yep.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 Q. But newspaper reporters are human beings?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 A. Newspaper reporters make mistakes, sure. But again, the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 World Court, for example, the nuclear test cases did rely<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 on statements made by Government officials as normally<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 reported in reputable news media sources. They have<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 different standards of evidence, the World Court, than<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 they do here in United States District Court.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 Q. Now you've also relied on this article, Plaintiff's<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 Exhibit 5, I guess too, in support of your opinion that<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 Canada is in possession of 40 kilograms or up to 40<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 kilograms of plutonium; is that right?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 A. This is a statement by Mr. Clemens, and I have had e-mail<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 correspondence with him about it.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 Q. Do you have any personal knowledge whether --<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 A. No.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 Q. I'm sorry, I didn't finish my question.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 A. I did answer your question.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 THE COURT: He hasn't finished asking it; you<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 couldn't possibly answer his question when he hasn't<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 finished asking it.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 THE WITNESS: Sorry.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 BY MR. DODGE:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 Q. Do you have any personal knowledge of whether Canada, in<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 fact, has 40 kilograms of plutonium?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">77<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 A. I do not have personal knowledge, no. I'm relying on the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 statement by Mr. Clemens.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 Q. Mr. Clemens, does Mr. Clemens have personal knowledge<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 whether Canada has 40--<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 A. As I understand, Mr. Clemens does. From my e-mail<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 correspondence with him, he does.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 Q. Has he seen that plutonium?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 A. Pardon me?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 Q. Has he seen it?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 A. He didn't tell me what his sources of evidence are, but he<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 did tell me that they will be making it public soon.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 Q. So he thinks he has -- he thinks he has evidence to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 support that conclusion and whether that evidence holds<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 any water or not, we really can't tell, can we?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 A. Well, again, as an expert, if the NCI is making the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 statements, I think they are significant and they need to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 be dealt with, and certainly by the Department of Energy.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 THE COURT: That was not -- excuse me, that was<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 not his question.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 Would you repeat your question, please?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 BY MR. DODGE:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 Q. The question is: Mr. Clemens believes he has reason or he<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 has evidence to support his conclusion that Canada has 40<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 kilograms of plutonium, but as far as anybody in this<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 courtroom knows, that evidence may or may not hold water,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">78<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 we just don't know, correct?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 A. I'm not evaluating the evidence, and Mr. Clemens said the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 evidence will be produced, so at that point I will review<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 the evidence and formulate a formal opinion.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 THE COURT: Do you want to ask it again or just<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 want to give up?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 MR. DODGE: I think that -- I think the point is<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 established to the extent I need to, Your Honor.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 BY MR. DODGE:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 Q. Now, you testified earlier that it's up to the State<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 Department, not the Department of Energy to interpret<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 United States treaty obligations; is that right?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 A. I testified that it is the State Department that is in<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 charge of nuclear proliferation policies, that's what I<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 testified, and not the Department of Energy, yes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 Q. Okay. Is it your view that it's -- maybe I misunderstood<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 what you testified earlier. I thought I heard you say<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 that interpreting whether or not the U.S. is complying<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 with Nonproliferation Treaty in particular, that pertinent<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 authority on that would be the State Department, not the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 Department of Energy; is that a fair statement?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 A. I've also testified that the State Department has the lead<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 role in the United States Government with respect to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 interpretation of treatises as well.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 Q. Do you know what the State Department's position is on<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">79<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 whether the Parallex test program is or is not compliant<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 with Article I of the Nonproliferation Treaty?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 A. Well, that's why I read the Environmental Assessment, to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 see if you had talked to the State Department here, and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 they hadn't, so I have not seen any statement by the State<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 Department as to what their position is, no.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 Q. The Environmental Assessment is not the only document<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 that's been generated in the course of the Parallex<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 Project, you understand that?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 A. That is correct, and I have read a good deal of the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 documentation, but I still have not seen an expression by<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 the Department of State on this issue.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 Q. Okay. Do you know whether or not the State Department was<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 involved at any level in the Parallex Project?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 A. There probably were discussions somewhere in there.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 Q. Do you know?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 A. Myself personally?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 Q. Yes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 A. I don't know for sure.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 Q. Do you know one way or the other whether the State<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 Department has a view on whether the Parallex Project is<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 consistent with our treaty obligations under Article I of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 the NPT?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 A. I have not seen any expression by the State Department on<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 this issue.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">80<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 Q. If I told you the State Department has taken the view that<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 the Parallex Project is entirely consistent with our<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 obligations under Article I, would you have any basis to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 quarrel with that?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 A. I haven't seen it.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 MR. LODGE: Objection, Your Honor.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 THE COURT: If he hasn't seen --<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 MR. DODGE: Withdraw the question, Your Honor.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 THE WITNESS: I would like to see it and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 evaluate it myself, sure.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 BY MR. DODGE:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 Q. You also testified about dangers of nuclear proliferation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 relating to countries such as Taiwan and Korea that are<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 not currently nuclear weapons states, but would like to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 acquire nuclear weapons, do you recall that testimony?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 A. Yes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 Q. Is it correct that the MOX program, the Parallex Program<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 does not contemplate the shipment of any fuel rods to any<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 country other than Canada?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 A. Not at this stage, but eventually it does appear there<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 will be mass circulation of this material, yes, down the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 line.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 Q. And the basis for that is what exactly?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 A. The quantities. If the test works out, the quantity we<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 are talking about coming from Russia.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">81<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 Q. Well, let me be more specific about this. Has the United<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 States, any spokesperson for the United States Government<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 proposed in connection with the Parallex Project to send<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 fuel rods to any country other than Canada?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 A. The United States?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 Q. Right.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 A. No.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 Q. Has the Government of Russia proposed, in connection with<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 the Parallex Project, to send fuel rods to any country<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 other than Canada?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 A. Well, they are talking about massive quantities of weapons<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 grade plutonium being circulated into this program and the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 independent team of experts by Russia and the United<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 States have made that quite clear they are talking tons of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 this stuff.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 Q. Well, again, you didn't answer my question there,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 Professor. I asked you whether the Russian Government has<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 proposed sending fuel rods to any country other than<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 Canada. Your answer only dealt with volumes, it didn't<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 address where. That was my question.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 A. Right. There might have been discussions on Germany or<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 some of the European states have there -- there have been<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 discussions and proposals, but it's just at that stage<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 now, yes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 Q. But Russia has not, to your knowledge, proposed sending<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">82<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 fuel rods to Korea?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 A. There is an international market here, sure, it could be<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 sold anywhere.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 THE COURT: No, he didn't say could have. He<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 said: Did they propose it?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 THE WITNESS: I have not read that right now<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 Russia is proposing sending this to Korea.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 BY MR. DODGE:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 Q. Same question with Taiwan.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 A. I have not read that Russia is proposing to send this to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 Taiwan.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 MR. DODGE: No further questions at this time,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 Your Honor.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 THE COURT: We will take a 15-minute recess.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 COURT CLERK: All rise.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 This court is in recess.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 (At 10:54 a.m., recess.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 THE COURT: Okay. What is next?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 MR. LOVE: Brief redirect, Your Honor.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 REDIRECT EXAMINATION<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 BY MR. LOVE:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 Q. Professor Boyle, did you receive any recognition or<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 rewards from Bosnia for your efforts on their behalf?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 A. While I was never paid a penny, but President Izetbegovic<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 and Vice President Gonich (phonetic) held a ceremony at<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">83<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 the Bosnian presidency with a-- awarded me full-fledged<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 citizenship in the Republic, a diplomatic passport and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 visa and a declaration and they put the ceremony on<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 television, so that was very nice. So technically I'm a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 Bosnian citizen too.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 Q. Dr. Boyle, with respect to your work on the Hawaiian<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 independence that Mr. Dodge asked you about, has there<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 been any action by the President or Congress, to your<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 knowledge, with respect to that?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 A. Yes. In 1993 Congress passed a statute signed into law by<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 President Clinton formally apologizing to the native<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 Hawaiian people for destroying their kingdom and stealing<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 their land. The legislation at the end provides for a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 process of reconciliation and reparations, and how this is<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 going to be dealt with, and I'm still currently involved<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 in those matters.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 Q. Dr. Boyle, there should be a document up there marked<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 Plaintiff's Exhibit 13. Do you see that?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 A. Yes, I have it here.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 Q. Now, this is entitled a Nonproliferation Arms Control<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 Assessment of Weapons Usable Fissile Material Storage and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 Excess Plutonium Disposition Alternatives, dated January,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 1997 authored by the United States Department of Energy,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 correct?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 A. Yes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">84<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 Q. Was this among the documents that you reviewed in<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 preparing your testimony?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 A. I did not have -- I did not get this entire document until<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 Monday, so I did not have a chance to review the entire<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 document, but I have reviewed the excerpts you gave to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 me.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 Q. Now Mr. Dodge asked you-- for the record, Your Honor, the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 excerpt only contains Pages 106 and 107-- Mr. Dodge asked<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 you about your testimony about the possibility of future<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 shipments of MOX to Taiwan and Korea. Do you remember him<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 asking you about that?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 A. Yes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 THE COURT: He didn't ask what the possibility<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 is, he asked if there were plans by Russia or the United<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 States to ship to those two nations. That was the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 question.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 MR. LOVE: Okay.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 THE COURT: And the answer was no. Not are<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 there possibilities. I know the witness thinks there are<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 possibilities, that won't help me any. I understand<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 that.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 BY MR. LOVE:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 Q. In fact, Dr. Boyle is it true that in this document the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 DOE indicates there are possibilities such as you<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 testified about?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">85<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 A. Yes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 THE COURT: I accept that. You are wasting my<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 time. There are possibilities.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 BY MR. LOVE:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 Q. Dr. Boyle, if you would, I direct your attention to the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 large document that's in front of you. This is<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 Proliferation Venerability Red Team Report, Plaintiff's<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 Exhibit 28, and introduced in the prior hearing.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 A. Yes, and I read this entire report prior to my testimony<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 here today.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 Q. I'm going to ask you, if you would, to direct your<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 attention to Page 6-1, the conclusions to that report.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 A. Yes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 Q. And again, this is a document that was produced by Sandia<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 Laboratories for the Department of Energy?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 A. That is correct.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 Q. Directing your attention to the first conclusion, under<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 the conclusion, keeping plutonium inaccessible is the key<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 to proliferation resistance, do you see that?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 A. Yes. It says quite clearly, all plutonium from all stages<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 of all alternatives can be made weapons usable should<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 sufficient material be successfully removed. And I should<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 point out that is the position Congress takes under the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 Nuclear Nonproliferation Act of '78, the Act of '94 and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 the '98, all plutonium can be made weapons usable.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">86<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 Q. In your view, is that conclusion by the Sandia Lab in this<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 Red Team Report consistent with your testimony?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 A. Yes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 Q. Now, Mr. Dodge asked you if there was transport of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 plutonium across boundaries all the time. My notes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 reflected you said yes. Do you remember that testimony?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 A. I said there was some, yes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 Q. Is there routinely transportation of weapons grade<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 plutonium shipped across boundaries all the time by the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 United States?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 A. No. No.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 MR. LOVE: No further questions.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 MR. DODGE: No recross, Your Honor.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 THE COURT: You may step down.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 THE WITNESS: Thank you, Your Honor.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16 Your Honor, did you have any questions?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17 THE COURT: No, I don't.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">18 THE WITNESS: Thank you.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">19 THE COURT: You've exceeded your time so I take<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 it you have no more witnesses.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21 MR. LOVE: Your Honor, I have no more witnesses<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 but at this time I would like to move our Exhibit 5,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 Exhibit 7, Exhibit 11, Exhibit 12, Exhibit 13, Exhibit 14<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24 and Plaintiff's Exhibit 2 and Exhibit 1 into evidence.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25 MR. DODGE: No objection, Your Honor.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">87<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1 THE COURT: 5, 7, 11, 12, 13 and 14, 1 and 2 are<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2 received.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3 MR. LOVE: Thank you, Your Honor. We have<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4 nothing further.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 THE WITNESS: Here are the exhibits. Where do<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6 you want them?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 MR. LOVE: I'll take them here.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 (Hearing continued; reported, not requested<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 transcribed.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">88<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">4<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">5 REPORTER'S CERTIFICATE<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">6<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">7 I, Kathleen S. Thomas, Official Court Reporter for the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">8 United States District Court for the Western District of<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">9 Michigan, appointed pursuant to the provisions of Title 28,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">10 United States Code, Section 753, do hereby certify that the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">11 foregoing is a true and correct transcript of proceedings had<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">12 in the within-entitled and numbered cause on the date<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">13 hereinbefore set forth; and I do further certify that the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">14 foregoing transcript has been prepared by me or under my<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">15 direction.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">16<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">17<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">20 __________________________________<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">21<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Kathleen S. Thomas, CSR, RPR-1300<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">22 U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">23 Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">24<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">25<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">KATHLEEN S. THOMAS, U.S. District Court Reporter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">410 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(616)385-3050<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Francis A. Boyle</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Law Building</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">504 E. Pennsylvania Ave.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Champaign, IL 61820 USA</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">217-333-7954 (voice)</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">217-244-1478 (fax)</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><a href="mailto:fboyle@law.uiuc.edu">fboyle@law.uiuc.edu</a></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">(personal comments only)</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Francis A. Boyle<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Law Building<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">504 E. Pennsylvania Ave.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Champaign IL 61820 USA<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">217-333-7954 (phone)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">217-244-1478 (fax)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">(personal comments only</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">)</span><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> Brussel, Morton K
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<b>Sent:</b> Monday, November 06, 2017 7:56 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Boyle, Francis A <fboyle@illinois.edu><br>
<b>Cc:</b> David Green <davegreen84@yahoo.com>; C. G. ESTABROOK <carl@newsfromneptune.com>; Miller, Joseph Thomas <jtmiller@illinois.edu>; sherwoodross10@gmail.com; peace-discuss@anti-war.net; a-fields@uiuc.edu; Hoffman, Valerie J <vhoffman@illinois.edu>; Joe
Lauria <joelauria@gmail.com>; Peace-discuss@lists.chambana.net; peace-discuss-request@lists.chambana.net; Szoke, Ron <r-szoke@illinois.edu>; Arlene Hickory <a23h23@yahoo.com>; Karen Aram <karenaram@hotmail.com>; abass10@gmail.com; mickalideh@gmail.com; Lina
Thorne <lina@worldcantwait.net>; chicago@worldcantwait.net; Jay <futureup2us@gmail.com>; David Johnson <davidjohnson1451@comcast.net>; Mildred O'brien <moboct1@aim.com>; Estabrook, Carl G <galliher@illinois.edu><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Peace-discuss] FW: MOX for Bombs in Japan<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I think this is wrong. MOX fuel is mainly used for fuel in nuclear power reactors, not to make bombs. Japan had/has many nuclear reactors. A fairly intelligible discussion is found in wikipedia, under "MOX nuclear”.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">—mkb<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">On Nov 6, 2017, at 4:40 PM, Boyle, Francis A via Peace-discuss <<a href="mailto:peace-discuss@lists.chambana.net">peace-discuss@lists.chambana.net</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">This was a very lengthy interview I gave in Japan courtesy of their peace and anti-nuclear movement. It was heavily censored. My basic point was that
Japan was using MOX to make bombs and that my best estimate was that Japan probably had as many bombs as PRC, which would be in the area of 500. So when the details of the disaster at Fukushima came out, it was clear to me it was one of their leading bomb
complexes.</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Fab.</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><b><i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Francis A. Boyle</span></i></b><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><b><i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Law Building</span></i></b><o:p></o:p></p>
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<div style="margin-left:.5in">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><b><i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">504 E. Pennsylvania Ave.</span></i></b><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><b><i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Champaign, IL 61820 USA</span></i></b><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><b><i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">217-333-7954 (phone)</span></i></b><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><b><i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">217-244-1478 (fax)</span></i></b><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><b><i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">(personal comments only)</span></i></b><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"> </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><a href="mailto:globenet@yahoogroups.com"><span style="color:purple">globenet@yahoogroups.com</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>[<a href="mailto:globenet@yahoogroups.com"><span style="color:purple">mailto:globenet@yahoogroups.com</span></a>]<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br>
<b>Sent:</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Saturday, March 21, 2015 8:10 AM<br>
<b>To:</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:globenet@yahoogroups.com"><span style="color:purple">globenet@yahoogroups.com</span></a><br>
<b>Cc:</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>'Hiroshi Taka'; 'Gensuikyo'; 'Akira Kawasaki';<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:oheyeran@yahoogroups.com"><span style="color:purple">oheyeran@yahoogroups.com</span></a>;<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:asia-pacific_demil_mdg-request@lists.riseup.net"><span style="color:purple">asia-pacific_demil_mdg-request@lists.riseup.net</span></a>;
'Coleen Rowley'; 'Douglas Roche'<br>
<b>Subject:</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>[globenet] MOX for Bombs in Japan</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><b><i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D">Francis A. Boyle</span></i></b><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><b><i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D">Law Building</span></i></b><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><b><i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D">504 E. Pennsylvania Ave.</span></i></b><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><b><i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D">Champaign, IL 61820 USA</span></i></b><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><b><i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D">217-333-7954 (phone)</span></i></b><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><b><i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D">217-244-1478 (fax)</span></i></b><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><b><i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D">(personal comments only)</span></i></b><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><strong>Francis A. Boyle</strong><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><strong>Law Building</strong><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><strong>504 E. Pennsylvania Ave.</strong><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><strong>Champaign, IL 61820 USA</strong><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><strong>217-333-7954 (Voice)</strong><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><strong>217-244-1478 (Fax)</strong><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white">Posted by: "Boyle, Francis A" <<a href="mailto:fboyle@illinois.edu"><span style="color:purple">fboyle@illinois.edu</span></a>><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:7.5pt"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#2D50FD"><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__groups.yahoo.com_neo_groups_globenet_conversations_messages_29585-3B-5Fylc-3DX3oDMTJxcHU3ZGhvBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzIwNTUwOTMEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1NzU5MzM1BG1zZ0lkAzI5NTg1BHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA3JwbHkEc3RpbWUDMTQyNjk0MzU3MQ-2D-2D-3Fact-3Dreply-26messageNum-3D29585&d=DwMGaQ&c=8hUWFZcy2Z-Za5rBPlktOQ&r=9eBn2xukb4K19JC8Bn8zUQ&m=OaTh8WFgqJWZYb7IwRZgsmiGwx3RiKpv--clmHm7UP0&s=QWRjrwBHRLDXTAXzCwKZqiZWZGINL5AlM9eGsM2AW40&e="><span style="color:#2D50FD;text-decoration:none">Reply
via web post</span></a></span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:7.5pt"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#2D50FD"><a href="mailto:fboyle@illinois.edu?subject=Re%3A%20MOX%20for%20Bombs%20%20in%20Japan"><span style="color:#2D50FD;text-decoration:none">Reply
to sender</span></a></span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:7.5pt"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#2D50FD"><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__groups.yahoo.com_neo_groups_globenet_conversations_topics_29585-3B-5Fylc-3DX3oDMTM2dmIzZTJhBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzIwNTUwOTMEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1NzU5MzM1BG1zZ0lkAzI5NTg1BHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA3Z0cGMEc3RpbWUDMTQyNjk0MzU3MQR0cGNJZAMyOTU4NQ-2D-2D&d=DwMGaQ&c=8hUWFZcy2Z-Za5rBPlktOQ&r=9eBn2xukb4K19JC8Bn8zUQ&m=OaTh8WFgqJWZYb7IwRZgsmiGwx3RiKpv--clmHm7UP0&s=78sgZPN89VULG7M1KyraeAQ-eA8VDKAfonKW-e2htJs&e="><span style="color:#2D50FD;text-decoration:none">Messages
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;background:white">_______________________________________________</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif"><br>
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