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<div><b><u>From today’s page 1 story on Chief Illiniwak in the Chicago Tribune:</u></b></div>
<div><b>…</b><b>“(He) {Chancellor Jones} has said publicly several times that identify</b><b>ing</b><b> a mascot will not resolve the issues we face</b><b> regarding the Chief and native imagery,” university spokeswoman Robin Kaler said. “He feels strongly
that a campuswide </b><b><u>conversation</u></b><b> on the issue is vital to identif</b><b>ying a path forward.” Events meant to spur those </b><b><u>conversations</u></b><b> have been in the works for months, Kaler said, and will take place sometime in the
spring…</b></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> </span></font></div>
<div align="center" style="text-align:center;padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Courier" size="3"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ILLINIWAK: RACIAL DISCRIMINATION!</b></span></font></div>
<div align="center" style="text-align:center;padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Courier" size="3"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>by</b></span></font></div>
<div align="center" style="text-align:center;padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Courier" size="3"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Francis A. Boyle</b></span></font></div>
<div align="center" style="text-align:center;padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Courier" size="3"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Professor of Law</b></span></font></div>
<div align="center" style="text-align:center;padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Courier" size="3"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign</b></span></font></div>
<div align="center" style="text-align:center;padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Courier" size="3"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Board of Directors, Amnesty International USA (1988-92)</b></span></font></div>
<div align="center" style="text-align:center;padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Courier" size="3"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Holder of 2 Football Season Tickets (Since About 1981)</b></span></font></div>
<div align="center" style="text-align:center;padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Courier" size="3"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Holder of 2 Basketball Season Tickets (Since About 1982)</b></span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> </span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> <font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b>In his letter of 16 July 1997 to Ms. Susan Gravenhorst, Chair of the Board of Trustees of the
University of Illinois, Professor Mort Winston, Chair of the Board of Directors of Amnesty International USA (AIUSA) and a prominent University of Illinois Alumnus, called "Chief" Illiniwak a "human rights violation," condemned it in no uncertain terms, and
demanded the elimination of this racist mascot. Before he joined the AIUSA Board, Professor Winston was the leading AIUSA expert on, and activist against, racism and apartheid in South Africa prior to the Mandela revolution. Professor Winston knows a human
rights violation when he sees one.</b></span></font></span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"> <b>The same is true for me. In addition to serving four years as a Member of the Board of Directors of Amnesty International USA, I was the person who single-handedly
convinced the ultra-conservative Faculty of the University of Illinois College of Law to introduce a course on </b><b><u>International Human Rights Law</u></b><b> into the Law School Curriculum as Law 370, and have taught this course for many years to about
30 students per year. Illiniwak is indeed a human rights violation.</b></span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"> <b>The United States government is a contracting party to the 1965 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. Hence,
this Racial Discrimination Convention is a "treaty' and thus the "supreme Law of the Land" under the so-called Supremacy Clause of Article VI of the United States Constitution:</b></span></font></div>
<div align="center" style="text-align:center;padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b><i>Article VI</i></b></span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> </span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> <font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b>....</b></span></font></span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"> </span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:72pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> <font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b>This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof;
and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.</b></span></font></span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> </span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b>In other words, the Racial Discrimination Convention absolutely binds the entirety of the State of Illinois, including therein the University of Illinois.</b></span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"> <b>Article 1(1) of the Racial Discrimination Convention defines the term "racial discrimination" as follows: "In this Convention the term 'racial discrimination'
shall mean </b><b><u>any distinction</u></b><b>, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, colour, descent or national or ethnic origin which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal
footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life." (Emphasis added.) Obviously, Illiniwak is a "distinction" on the multiple bases of "race," and "colour," and "descent." Illiniwak
definitely has the "effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life" for Native American Students,
Faculty, Staff and Community Members here at the University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign. In accordance with the terms of this Racial Discrimination Convention to which the United States is a party, Illiniwak constitutes "racial discrimination" by the University
of Illinois against Native Americans.</b></span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"> <b>Article 2, paragraph 1 of the Racial Discrimination Convention provides as follows:</b></span></font></div>
<div align="center" style="text-align:center;padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b><i>Article 2</i></b></span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:72pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> <font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b>1. </b></span></font><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b><u>States
Parties condemn racial discrimination and undertake to pursue by all appropriate means and without delay a policy of eliminating racial discrimination in all its forms, and promoting understanding among all races, and to this end</u></b></span></font><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b>:</b></span></font></span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> </span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:108pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> <font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b>(a) Each State Party undertakes to engage in no act or practice of racial discrimination against
persons, groups of persons or institutions </b></span></font><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b><u>and to ensure that all public authorities and public institutions, national and local, shall act in conformity with this obligation;</u></b></span></font></span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> </span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:108pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> <font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b>(b) </b></span></font><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b><u>Each
State Party undertakes not to sponsor, defend or support racial discrimination by any persons or organizations;</u></b></span></font></span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> </span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:108pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> <font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b>(c) Each State Party shall take effective measures to review governmental, national </b></span></font><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b><u>and
local policies, and to amend, rescind or nullify any laws and regulations which have the effect of creating or perpetuating racial discrimination wherever it exists;</u></b></span></font></span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> </span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:108pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> <font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b>(d) </b></span></font><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b><u>Each
State Party shall prohibit and bring to an end, by all appropriate means,</u></b></span></font><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b> including legislation as required by circumstances, </b></span></font><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b><u>racial
discrimination by any persons, group or organization;</u></b></span></font></span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:108pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> <font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b>(e) Each State Party undertakes to encourage, where appropriate, integrationist multi-racial
organizations and movements and other means of eliminating barriers between races, </b></span></font><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b><u>and to discourage anything which tends to strengthen racial division.</u></b></span></font><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b>
[Emphasis added.]</b></span></font></span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> </span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b>Clearly, Illiniwak places the United States of America in breach of these most solemn obligations under Article 2 of the Racial Discrimination Convention. Illiniwak
contravenes Racial Discrimination Convention Article 2. The conclusion is inexorable that to be in accordance with the terms of the Racial Discrimination Convention, the University of Illinois must eliminate Illiniwak.</b></span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"> <b>Article 4 of the Racial Discrimination Convention clearly requires the Government of the United States of America to eliminate Illiniwak in no uncertain terms:</b></span></font></div>
<div align="center" style="text-align:center;padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b><i>Article 4</i></b></span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> </span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:72pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> <font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b>States Parties condemn all propaganda and all organizations which are based on ideas or theories
of superiority of one race or group of persons of one colour or ethnic origin, </b></span></font><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b><u>or which attempt to justify or promote racial hatred and discrimination in any form, and undertake
to adopt immediate and positive measures designed to eradicate all incitement to, or acts of, such discrimination,</u></b></span></font><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b> and to this end, with due regard to the principles embodied
in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the rights expressly set forth in article 5 of this Convention, </b></span></font><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b><i>inter alia</i></b></span></font><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b>:</b></span></font></span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> </span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:72pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> <font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b>(a) Shall declare an offence punishable by law all dissemination of ideas based on racial superiority
or hatred, incitement to racial discrimination, as well as all acts of violence or incitement to such acts against any race or group of persons of another colour or ethnic origin, and also the provision of any assistance to racist activities, including the
financing thereof;</b></span></font></span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> </span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:72pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> <font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b>(b) </b></span></font><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b><u>Shall
declare illegal and prohibit organizations, and also organized and all other propaganda activities, which promote and incite racial discrimination,</u></b></span></font><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b> and shall recognize participation
in such organizations or activities as an offence punishable by law;</b></span></font></span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> </span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:72pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> <font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b>(c) </b></span></font><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b><u>Shall
not permit public authorities or public institutions, national or local, to promote or incite racial discrimination.</u></b></span></font><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b> [Emphasis added.]</b></span></font></span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> </span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> <font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b>Notice in particular the requirement of Article 4(c) of the Racial Discrimination Convention:
"Shall not permit public authorities or public institutions, national or local, to promote or incite racial discrimination." To the contrary, the University of Illinois deliberately promotes and incites racial discrimination against Native Americans by means
of Illiniwak for the quite mercenary purpose of making money!</b></span></font></span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"> <b>Article 5 of the Racial Discrimination Convention expressly requires the United States government "to prohibit and to eliminate racial discrimination in all
its forms and to guarantee the right of everyone, </b><b><u>without distinction</u></b><b> as to race, colour, or national or ethnic origin, to equality before the law, notably in the enjoyment of the following rights..." (Emphasis added.) The conclusion
is inexorable that Illiniwak contravenes Article 5 of the Racial Discrimination Convention.</b></span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"> <b>Furthermore, Illiniwak also contravenes Article 6 of the Racial Discrimination Convention:</b></span></font></div>
<div align="center" style="text-align:center;padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b><i>Article 6</i></b></span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> </span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:72pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> <font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b>States Parties shall assure to everyone within their jurisdiction effective protection and remedies
through the competent national tribunals and other State institutions against any acts of racial discrimination which violate his human rights and fundamental freedoms contrary to this Convention, as well as the right to seek from such tribunals just and adequate
reparation or satisfaction for any damage suffered as a result of such discrimination.</b></span></font></span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> </span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> <font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b>Finally, Illiniwak contravenes Article 7 of the Racial Discrimination Convention:</b></span></font></span></font></div>
<div align="center" style="text-align:center;padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b><i>Article 7</i></b></span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> </span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:72pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> <font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b>States Parties undertake to adopt immediate and effective measures, particularly in the fields
of teaching, education, culture and information, with a view to combating prejudices which lead to racial discrimination and to promoting understanding, tolerance and friendship among nations and racial or ethnical groups, as well as to propagating the purposes
and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, and this Convention.</b></span></font></span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> </span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b>The conclusion is inexorable that to be in accordance with the terms of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination the
University of Illinois--a Public Institution--must eliminate Illiniwak.</b></span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"> <b>As can be seen from the above analysis, the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination expressly incorporates by reference
the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). No point would be served here by detailing all the provisions of the UDHR that are currently being violated by Illiniwak. But in particular, I wish to draw to your attention UDHR Articles 1 and 2:</b></span></font></div>
<div align="center" style="text-align:center;padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b><i>Article 1</i></b></span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> </span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:72pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> <font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason
and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.</b></span></font></span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> </span></font></div>
<div align="center" style="text-align:center;padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b><i>Article 2</i></b></span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> </span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:72pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> <font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b>Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without </b></span></font><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b><u>distinction</u></b></span></font><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b>
of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. (Emphasis added.)</b></span></font></span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> </span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> <font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b>The United States government has been in the vanguard of the worldwide movement to establish that
these fundamental provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, </b></span></font><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b><u>inter alia</u></b></span></font><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b>, constitute
customary international law. Customary international law is part of the common law of the United States of America and the common law of all the States of the Union. Customary international law applies to and binds the State of Illinois and the University
of Illinois.</b></span></font></span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"> <b>Clearly, by means of Illiniwak the University of Illinois refuses to act towards Native Americans "in a spirit of brotherhood" in violation of UDHR Article
1. Similarly, Illiniwak constitutes a "distinction" on the prohibited grounds of race, colour and religion, </b><b><u>inter alia</u></b><b>, in gross violation of UDHR Article 2. In other words, Illiniwak violates these most fundamental protections of the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, </b><b><u>inter alia</u></b><b>, and thus violates customary international law and therefore the common law of both the United States and the State of Illinois.</b></span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"> <b>I wish to end this Memorandum by joining those eloquent and powerful words addressed to Trustee Susan Gravenhorst by Professor Mort Winston, Chair of the
Board of Directors of Amnesty International, my fellow AIUSA Board Colleague and Comrade-in-Arms in the long but successful struggle against racism and apartheid in South Africa:</b></span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:72pt;"><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b><u>In your present position as Chair of the Board of Trustees, you can steer university policy on this issue towards the greater good. I urge you to do so. UIUC's
sport's fans and the marching band can find another mascot. Have a contest. Pick an animal or some culturally neutral symbol. Show some moral leadership so that perhaps the professional sports teams that also dishonor American Indians by debasing their cultural
symbols will one day follow suit. But above all stop pretending that keeping "Chief Illiniwek" alive is somehow "honoring" the Native Americans who once roamed the plains where the University of Illinois now stands. In short, "Do the Right Thing -- Get Rid
of the Chief!"</u></b></span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> </span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> </span></font></div>
<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt;"> </span></font></div>
<div align="center" style="text-align:center;padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b>F.A.B.</b></span></font></div>
<div align="center" style="text-align:center;padding-left:36pt;"><font face="Courier" size="4"><span style="font-size:15pt;"><b>25 July 1997</b></span></font></div>
<div><font size="3"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><i>Francis A. Boyle</i></b></span></font></div>
<div><font size="3"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><i>Law Building</i></b></span></font></div>
<div><font size="3"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><i>504 E. Pennsylvania Ave.</i></b></span></font></div>
<div><font size="3"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><i>Champaign, IL 61820 USA</i></b></span></font></div>
<div><font size="3"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><i>217-333-7954 (phone)</i></b></span></font></div>
<div><font size="3"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><i>217-244-1478 (fax)</i></b></span></font></div>
<div><font size="3"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><i><u>(personal comments only)</u></i></b></span></font></div>
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