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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:black">For full documentation with footnotes etc see Ramsey Clark, The Fire This Time, Thundersmouth Press. Fab.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:black">Francis A. Boyle<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:black">Law Building<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:black">504 E. Pennsylvania Ave.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:black">Champaign, IL 61820 USA<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:black">217-333-7954 (phone)<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:black">217-244-1478 (fax)<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:black">(personal comments only)<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
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<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b>From:</b> Boyle, Francis [mailto:FBOYLE@law.illinois.edu]
<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Sunday, January 16, 2011 5:12 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Killeacle <fboyle@uiuc.edu><br>
<b>Subject:</b> U.S. War Crimes During the First Persian Gulf War (1991)<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">
<b>United States War Crimes During the First Persian Gulf War<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in"><i>On February 27, 1992 Albany Law School in Albany, N.Y. convened a Symposium on the subject of “International War Crimes: The Search for Justice.” The Symposium organizers invited the author to come in for the
express purpose of arguing the case against the Bush Sr. administration for committing international crimes during their Gulf War I against Iraq, and then to debate this position with the other Symposium speakers, who were law professors or lawyers. The Symposium
proceedings were taped for later broadcast by C-SPAN:<o:p></o:p></i></h1>
<h1 style="margin-left:.5in"><o:p> </o:p></h1>
<h1 style="margin-left:.5in">Introduction<o:p></o:p></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">1. For the past year I have been working with the International Commission of Inquiry into United States war crimes that were committed
during the Persian Gulf War. This Commission has conducted the largest independent
<b>worldwide</b> investigation of war crimes in history. Since last May, the Commission has held thirty hearings across the United States and in twenty countries across five continents to expose the war crimes that the United States government inflicted upon
the people and State of Iraq.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">2. On Saturday, February 29, 1992 in New York City, at the Martin Luther King, Jr. Auditorium, the Commission will publicly present
its evidence before an International War Crimes Tribunal consisting of distinguished jurists and human rights activists drawn from around the world. In the brief space that has been allotted to me, I would like to present the basic gist of the charges that
will be brought before the Tribunal against President George Bush, Vice President Dan Quayle, Secretary of State Jim Baker, Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney, National Security Assistant Brent Scowcroft, CIA Director William Webster, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs
of Staff General Colin Powell, General Norman Schwarzkopf, and other members of the High Command of the United States military establishment who launched and waged this brutal, inhumane, and criminal war. Hereinafter, these individuals will be collectively
referred to as the Defendants.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="margin-left:.5in">The Charges <o:p></o:p></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">3. The international crimes that have been charged and will be
<b>proved </b>against these Defendants consist principally of the three Nuremberg Offenses: the Nuremberg Crime Against Peace, that
<b>is,</b> waging an aggressive war and a war in violation of international treaties and agreements; Nuremberg Crimes Against Humanity; and Nuremberg War Crimes. In addition, these Defendants also committed grievous war crimes by wantonly violating the Hague
Regulations on Land Warfare of 1907; the Declaration of London on Sea Warfare of 1909; the Hague Draft Rules of Aerial Warfare of 1923; the Four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their two Additional Protocols of 1977; and the international crime of
<b>genocide</b> against the <b>people</b> of Iraq as defined by the International Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide of 1948 as well as by the United States' own Genocide Convention Implementation Act of 1987, 18 U.S.C. §1901.
Finally, and most heinously of all, these Defendants actually perpetrated a Nuremberg Crime against their own troops when they forced them to take experimental biological weapons vaccines without their informed consent in gross violation of the Nuremberg Code
on Medical Experimentation that has been fully subscribed to by the United States government.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="margin-left:.5in">Universal Jurisdiction<o:p></o:p></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">4. These international crimes create personal criminal responsibility on the part of all these Defendants that warrant their prosecution
under basic norms of customary international law, treaties, and statutes in any state of the world community that obtains jurisdiction over them for the rest of their lives. We believe that the International War Crimes Tribunal will produce a Judgment that
can be put into the hands of every government in the world with the injunction that should any of these Defendants ever appear within their territorial jurisdiction, they must be apprehended and prosecuted for the commission of the specified international
crimes. Like unto pirates, these Defendants are <i>hostes humani generis</i>—the enemies of all humankind!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">The Historical Origins of the War</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">5. I do not have the time in this brief presentation to analyze the entire history of illegal U.S. military interventionism into
the Middle East—especially the Persian Gulf region—and in particular its divide-and-conquer (<i>divide et impera</i>) policies. Suffice it to say here that the "immediate cause" of the United States war to destroy Iraq and take over the Arab oil fields in
the Persian Gulf goes back to the 1973 Arab oil boycott of Europe. The Arab oil states imposed the boycott in solidarity with those Arab states that were then attempting to reclaim their
<b>lands </b>that had been illegally stolen from <b>them </b>by Israel in 1967. The Arab oil boycott brought Europe to its knees. Subsequently, Arab oil states were able to increase the price of oil to a point of economic fairness that would enable them to
provide for the basic human needs of their own Peoples.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">6. But the success of the Arab oil boycott led several prominent U.S. government officials in the Nixon administration, and especially
Henry Kissinger, to publicly threaten that the United States government would prepare itself to seize the Arab oil fields in order to prevent something like the boycott from ever happening again. This illegal governmental threat was stated openly, publicly,
and repeatedly during the course of the Nixon administration, the Ford administration, the Carter administration, and the Reagan administration. The Bush administration would finally be the one to carry this threat
<b>out—but </b>only after a decade of active preparations.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="margin-left:.5in">The Rapid Deployment Force<o:p></o:p></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">7. During the course of the Carter administration, the United States government obtained authorization from Congress to set up,
arm, equip, and supply the so-called Rapid Deployment Force (RDF), whose primary mission was to seize and steal the Arab oil fields of the Persian Gulf region. So the planning and preparations for the U.S. war against Iraq go all the way back to the so-called
"liberal" Carter administration—at the very least. The United States <b>foreign policy establishment</b> consists of liberal imperialists, reactionary imperialists, and middle-of-the-road imperialists. But they all share in common a firm belief in America's
"Manifest Destiny" to rule the world.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">8. For the next decade, the Pentagon obtained a new generation of high-technology conventional weapons possessing massive destructive
power and lethality; the logistical support network necessary to convey a force of 500,000 soldiers over to the Persian Gulf region within six months; and base access rights and facilities for that purpose throughout Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast
Asia. Working in conjunction with its de facto allies in the region such as Egypt and Israel, the Pentagon stockpiled enormous quantities of weapons, equipment, and supplies in the immediate vicinity of the Persian Gulf as a prelude to military intervention.
Hence, the United States government had been planning, preparing, and conspiring to seize and steal the Persian Gulf oil fields for over a decade.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="margin-left:.5in">United States War Plans Against Iraq<a style="mso-endnote-id:edn1" href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[i]</span></a>
<o:p></o:p></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">9. Sometime after the termination of the Iraq-Iran War in the summer of 1988, the Pentagon proceeded to revise its outstanding war
plans for U.S. military intervention into the Persian Gulf region in order to destroy Iraq. Defendant Schwarzkopf was put in charge of this revision.
<b>In</b> early 1990, Defendant Schwarzkopf informed the Senate Armed Services Committee of this new military strategy in the Gulf allegedly designed to protect U.S. access to and control over Gulf oil in the event of regional conflicts. In October 1990, Defendant
Powell referred to the new military plan developed in 1989. After the war, Defendant Schwarzkopf referred to eighteen months of planning for the campaign<b>—a campaign whose public rationale was based on the illegal invasion of Kuwait by Iraq, which occurred
on August 2, 1990.<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">10. Sometime in late 1989 or early 1990, the Pentagon's war plan for destroying Iraq and stealing Persian Gulf oil fields was put
into motion. At that time, Defendant Schwarzkopf was named the Commander of the so-called U.S. Central Command—which was the re-named version of the Rapid Deployment Force—for the purpose of carrying out the war plan that he had personally developed and supervised.
During January of 1990, massive quantities of United States weapons, equipment, and supplies were sent to Saudi Arabia in order to prepare for the war against Iraq,
<b>again prior to Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait.<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">11. Pursuant to this war plan, Defendant Webster and the CIA assisted and directed Kuwait in its actions of violating OPEC oil production
agreements to undercut the price of oil for the purpose of debilitating Iraq's economy; in extracting excessive and illegal amounts of oil from pools it shared with Iraq; in demanding immediate repayment of loans Kuwait had made to Iraq during the Iraq-Iran
War; and in breaking off negotiations with Iraq over these disputes. The Defendants intended to provoke Iraq into aggressive military actions against Kuwait that they knew could be used to justify U.S. military intervention into the Persian Gulf for the purpose
of destroying Iraq <b>and</b> taking over Arab oil fields. <b>To be sure, the recitation of these facts is not intended to justify the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait.
</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="margin-left:.5in">The U.S. "Green Light" to Invade Kuwait<o:p></o:p></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left:.5in">12. The Defendants showed absolutely no opposition to Iraq's increasing threats against Kuwait. Indeed, when Saddam Hussein requested U.S. Ambassador April Glaspie to explain State Department testimony
in Congress about Iraq's threats against Kuwait, she assured him that the United States considered the dispute to be a regional concern, and that it would not intervene militarily. In other words, the United States government gave Saddam Hussein what amounted
to a "green light" to invade Kuwait. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="BoyleEndnoteStyle" style="margin-left:1.0in">13. This reprehensible behavior was similar to that of the Carter administration during September of 1980, when United States government officials gave Saddam Hussein the "green light" to invade Iran and
thus commence the tragic Iraq-Iran War.<a style="mso-endnote-id:edn2" href="#_edn2" name="_ednref2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[ii]</span></a> A decade later, Saddam Hussein simply surmised that he had been given yet another "green light"
by the United States government to commit overt aggression against surrounding states. Only this time, the Defendants knowingly intended to lead Iraq into a provocation that could be used to justify intervention and warfare by United States military forces
for the real purpose of destroying Iraq as a military power and seizing Arab oil fields in the Persian Gulf.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="margin-left:.5in">Bush Is the Bigger War Criminal<o:p></o:p></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">14. On August 2, 1990, Iraq invaded and occupied Kuwait without significant resistance. The Kuwaiti government itself estimated
that approximately 300 people were killed as a result of Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, and a few hundred more as a result of the military occupation. By comparison, Defendant Bush's invasion of Panama in December of 1989 took between 2,000 and 4,000 Panamanian
lives, and the United States government is still covering up the actual death toll. Defendant Bush killed more innocent people in Panama than Saddam Hussein did in Kuwait.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">15. Defendant Bush's invasion of Panama was even more illegal, reprehensible, and criminal than Saddam Hussein's invasion of Kuwait.
The world must never forget that the first step in the construction of Bush's "New World Order" was his illegal invasion of Panama and the murder of thousands of completely innocent Panamanian civilians. America's self-anointed policeman in the Persian Gulf
had the blood of the Panamanian People on his hands.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="margin-left:.5in">Bush's Perversion of the Constitution<o:p></o:p></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">16. Pursuant to the Pentagon's war plan for destroying Iraq and stealing Persian Gulf oil fields—and without consultation or communication
with Congress—Defendant Bush initially ordered 40,000 U.S. military personnel into the Persian Gulf region during the first week of August 1990. He lied to the American people and Congress when he stated that his acts were purely defensive. Right from the
very outset of this crisis—and even beforehand—Defendant Bush fully intended to go to war against Iraq and to seize the Arab oil fields in the Persian Gulf. Defendant Bush deliberately misled, deceived, concealed and made false representations to the Congress
to prevent its free deliberation and informed exercise of legislative power.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">17. Defendant Bush intentionally usurped Congressional power, ignored its authority, and failed and refused to consult with the
Congress. He individually ordered a naval blockade against Iraq—itself an act of war—without approval by Congress or the U.N. Security Council. Defendant Bush waited until after the November 1990 elections to publicly announce his earlier order sending more
than 200,000 additional military personnel to the Persian Gulf for offensive purposes without seeking the approval of Congress. Pursuant to the Pentagon's war plan, Defendant Bush switched U.S. forces from a defensive position and capability to an offensive
capacity for aggression against Iraq without consultation with, and contrary to assurances given to, Congress and the American people.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">18. On the very eve of the war, Defendant Bush then strong-armed legislation through Congress that approved enforcement of U.N.
resolutions vesting absolute discretion in any nation, providing no guidelines, and requiring no reporting to the United Nations. Defendant
<b>Bush demonstrated, through the prior planning above indicated, the intention to
</b>destroy the armed forces and civilian infrastructure of Iraq. Those acts were undertaken to
<b>provide an international legal cover, under the pretext of responding to an act of aggression, for the commission of</b> a Nuremberg Crime Against Peace and war crimes. This conduct violated the Constitution and Laws of the United States and especially
the War Powers Clause found in Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution, the U.S. War Powers Act of 1973, 87 Stat. 555, and the United Nations Charter, which is the "Supreme Law of the Land" under Article 6 of the Constitution. For this reason alone, Defendant
Bush and his co-conspirators committed "High Crimes and Misdemeanors" that warrant their impeachment, conviction, removal from office, and criminal prosecution.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="margin-left:.5in">Bush's Mad Rush to War <o:p></o:p></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">19. While concealing his true intentions, Bush continued the military buildup of U.S. forces from August into January 1991 for the
purpose of attacking and destroying Iraq. Bush pressed the military to expedite preparations and to commence the war against Iraq before military conditions were optimum for domestic political purposes so that the war would not interfere with his presidential
reelection campaign. Indeed, the entire timing, conduct and duration of the war were planned so as to promote Defendant Bush's reelection prospects. But as a direct result of Defendant Bush's mad rush to war, United States military personnel suffered needless
casualties. Defendant Bush has <b>continued to lie and cover up </b>to the American people and Congress the true nature and extent of U.S. casualties during the Persian Gulf War.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="margin-left:.5in">Bush Corrupted the United Nations<o:p></o:p></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">20. Defendant Bush repeatedly coerced the members of the United Nations Security Council into adopting an unprecedented series of
resolutions that culminated in his securing authority for any nation to use "all necessary means" to enforce these resolutions. To secure these votes in the Security Council, Defendant Bush paid multi-billion-dollar bribes; offered arms for regional wars;
threatened and carried out economic retaliation; illegally forgave multi-billion-dollar loans; offered diplomatic relations despite human rights violations; and in other ways corruptly exacted votes. This illegal activity subverted and perverted the very purposes
and principles of the United Nations Charter itself found in articles 1 and 2 thereof.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="margin-left:.5in">Bush Circumvented and Violated Chapter VI of the United Nations Charter<o:p></o:p></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">21. In his mad rush to war, Defendant Bush caused the United Nations to completely bypass Chapter VI of the U.N. Charter that mandates
the pacific settlement of international disputes. Defendant Bush consistently rejected and ridiculed all of Iraq's efforts to negotiate a peaceful resolution of the dispute. Defendant Bush proudly boasted that there would be no negotiation, no compromise,
no face-saving, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">22. Defendant Bush's successful attempt to subvert every effort for negotiating a peaceful resolution of this dispute violated the
solemn obligation mandating the peaceful resolution of international disputes found in article 2, paragraph 3 of the United Nations Charter; in article 33, paragraph 1 of the United Nations Charter; and in article 2 of the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928. Just
like the Nazi war criminals before him, Defendant Bush pursued recourse to war as an instrument of his national policy and for the solution of international controversies in violation of article 1 of the Kellogg-Briand Pact. Just as the Nazi war criminals
<b>had done</b> by invading Poland in September of 1939, these Defendants perpetrated a Nuremberg Crime Against Peace in their decision to go to war against Iraq
<b>with the intent</b> to seize and steal the oil resources of the Persian Gulf.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="margin-left:.5in">The Conduct of the War Itself<o:p></o:p></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">23. Obviously, in the brief space that has been allotted to me, there is no way that I could adequately describe all of the atrocities
and war crimes that were committed by these Defendants and their Agents during the course of their actual conduct of military hostilities against the People and State of Iraq. These matters have been covered in great detail during the course of the public
investigations and hearings conducted around the world by the Commission during the past year. The results of this work will be presented to the members of the International War Crimes Tribunal for their consideration and adjudication. Nonetheless, I will
provide you here with a succinct account of the major categories of war crimes committed by these Defendants during the course of their criminal war against Iraq.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-style:normal">Bush Ordered the Destruction of Facilities Essential to Civilian Life and Economic Productivity Throughout Iraq.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><u><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p><span style="text-decoration:none"> </span></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">24. Systematic aerial and missile bombardment of Iraq was ordered to begin at 6:30 p.m. E.S.T. January 16, 1991, in order to be
reported on prime time TV. The bombing continued for 42 days. It met no resistance from Iraqi aircraft and no effective anti-aircraft or anti-missile ground fire. Iraq was basically defenseless.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">25. Most of the targets were civilian facilities. The United States intentionally bombed and destroyed centers for civilian life,
commercial and business districts, schools, hospitals, mosques, churches, shelters, residential areas, historical sites, private vehicles and civilian government offices. In aerial attacks, including strafing, over cities, towns, the countryside and highways,
United States aircraft bombed and strafed indiscriminately. The purpose of these attacks was to destroy life and property, and generally to terrorize the civilian population of Iraq. The net effect was the summary execution and
<b>indiscriminate</b> corporal punishment of men, women and children, young and old, rich and poor, of all nationalities and religions.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">26. As a direct result of this bombing campaign against civilian life, at least 25,000 men, women and children were killed. The
Red Crescent Society of Jordan estimated 113,000 civilian dead, 60% of them children, the week before the end of the war. According to the Nuremberg Charter, this "wanton destruction of cities, towns, or villages" is a Nuremberg War Crime.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">27. The intention and effort of this bombing campaign against civilian life and facilities was to systematically destroy Iraq's
infrastructure leaving it in a pre-industrial condition. The U.S. assault left Iraq in near apocalyptic conditions as reported by the first United Nations observers after the war. As a direct, intentional and foreseeable result of this anti-civilian destruction,
over one hundred thousand people have died after the war from dehydration, dysentery, diseases, and malnutrition caused by impure water, inability to obtain effective medical assistance and debilitation from hunger, shock, cold and stress. More will die until
potable water, sanitary living conditions, adequate food supplies and other necessities are provided. Yet Defendant Bush continues to impose punitive economic sanctions against the people of Iraq in order to prevent this from happening.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-style:normal">The United States Intentionally Bombed and Destroyed Defenseless Iraqi Military Personnel; Used Excessive Force; Killed Soldiers Seeking to Surrender and in Disorganized Individual
Flight, Often Unarmed and Far from Any Combat Zones; Randomly and Wantonly Killed Iraqi Soldiers; and Destroyed Material After the Cease-Fire.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">28. In the first hours of the aerial and missile bombardment, the United States destroyed most military communications and began
the systematic killing of Iraqi soldiers who were incapable of defense or escape, and the destruction of military equipment. The U.S. bombing campaign killed tens of thousands of defenseless soldiers, cut off from most of their food, water and other supplies,
and left them in desperate and helpless disarray. Defendant Schwarzkopf placed Iraqi military casualties at over 100,000. Large numbers of these soldiers were "out of combat" and therefore not legitimate targets for military attack.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">29. When it was determined that the civilian economy and the military were sufficiently destroyed, the U.S. ground forces moved
into Kuwait and Iraq attacking disoriented, disorganized, fleeing Iraqi forces wherever they could be found, killing thousands more and destroying any equipment found. In one particularly shocking maneuver, thousands of Iraqi soldiers were needlessly and
illegally buried alive. This wholesale slaughter of Iraqi soldiers continued even after and in violation of the so-called cease-fire.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">30. The Defendants' intention was not to remove Iraq's presence from Kuwait. Rather, their intention was to destroy Iraq. The
disproportion in death and destruction inflicted on a defenseless enemy exceeded 1000 to one. The Defendants conducted this genocidal war against the male population of Iraq for the express purpose of making sure that Iraq could not raise a substantial military
force for at least another generation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-style:normal">The United States Used Prohibited Weapons Capable of Mass Destruction and Inflicting Indiscriminate Death and Unnecessary Suffering Against Both Military and Civilian Targets.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">31. Fuel air explosives were used against troops in place, civilian areas, oil fields and fleeing civilians and soldiers on two
stretches of highway between Kuwait and Iraq. One seven mile stretch called the "Highway of Death" was littered with hundreds of vehicles and thousands of dead. All were fleeing to Iraq for their lives. Thousands were civilians of all ages, including Kuwaitis,
Iraqis, Palestinians, Jordanians and other nationalities.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">32. Napalm was used against civilians and military personnel, as well as to start fires. Oil well fires in both Iraq and Kuwait
were intentionally started by U.S. aircraft dropping napalm and other heat intensive devices.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">33. Cluster bombs and anti-personnel fragmentation bombs were used in Basra, and other cities and towns, against the civilian convoys
of fleeing vehicles and against military units.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left:.5in">34. "Superbombs" were dropped on hardened shelters with the intention of assassinating Iraqi President Saddam Hussein—a war crime in its own right.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText3" style="margin-left:.5in">The United States Intentionally Attacked Installations in Iraq Containing Dangerous Substances and Forces in Violation of Article 56 of Geneva Protocol I of 1977.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">35. The U.S. intentionally bombed alleged nuclear sites, chemical plants, dams and other “dangerous forces.” The U.S. knew such
attacks could cause the release of dangerous forces from such installations and consequently severe losses among the civilian population. While some civilians were killed in such attacks, there are no reported cases of consequent severe losses. Presumably,
lethal nuclear materials, and dangerous chemical and biological warfare substances, were not present at the sites bombed.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-style:normal">The United States Waged War on the Environment.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">36. Before the war started, the Pentagon had developed computer models that accurately predicted the environmental catastrophe that
would occur should the United States go to war against Iraq. These Defendants went to war anyway knowing full well what the consequences of such an environmental disaster would be. Attacks by U.S. aircraft caused much if not all of the worst oil spills in
the Gulf. Aircraft and helicopters dropped napalm and fuel-air explosives on oil wells, storage tanks and refineries, causing oil fires throughout Iraq and many, if not most, of the oil well fires in Iraq and Kuwait.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-style:normal">Defendant Bush Encouraged and Aided Shiite Muslims and Kurds to Rebel Against the Government of Iraq Causing Fratricidal Violence, Emigration, Exposure, Hunger and Sickness
and Thousands of Deaths. After the Rebellion Failed, the U.S. Invaded and Occupied Parts of Iraq Without Lawful Authority in Order to Increase Division and Hostilities Within Iraq</span></b>.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">37. Without authority from the U.S. Congress or the United Nations, Defendant Bush encouraged and aided rebellion against Iraq,
failed to protect the warring parties, encouraged mass migration of whole populations placing them in jeopardy from the elements, hunger and disease. After much suffering and many deaths, Defendant Bush then without authority used U.S. military forces to
distribute aid at and near the Turkish border, ignoring the often greater suffering among refugees in Iran. He then arbitrarily set up
<b>bantustan-</b>like settlements for Kurds in Iraq and demanded <b>that</b> Iraq pay for U.S. costs. When Kurds chose to return to their homes in Iraq, he moved U.S. troops further into northern Iraq against the will of the government and without any legal
authority to do so. As Defendant Baker correctly put it when he visited the area, these atrocities constituted a Nuremberg "crime against humanity."
<b>Although he was referring to the culpability of Saddam Hussein, Baker effectively condemned the relevant members of the Bush Sr. administration under international criminal law as “aiders and abettors” to a Nuremberg crime against humanity.<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText3" style="margin-left:.5in">Defendant Bush Intentionally Deprived the Iraqi People of Essential Medicines, Potable Water, Food and Other Necessities.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">38. A major component of the assault on Iraq was the systematic deprivation of essential human needs and services, to terrorize
and break the will of the Iraqi people, to destroy their economic capability, and to reduce their numbers and weaken their health. Towards those ends, the Defendants:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.4in;text-indent:-.4in;line-height:200%">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">-- imposed and enforced embargoes preventing the shipment of needed medicines, water purifiers, infant milk formula, food and other supplies;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.4in;text-indent:-.4in;line-height:200%">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">-- froze funds of Iraq and forced other nations to do so, depriving Iraq of the ability to purchase needed medicines, food and other supplies;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.4in;text-indent:-.4in;line-height:200%">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">-- prevented international organizations, governments and relief agencies from providing needed supplies and obtaining information concerning such needs;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.4in;text-indent:-.4in;line-height:200%">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">-- failed to assist or meet urgent needs of huge refugee populations and interfered with efforts of others to do so, etc;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.4in;text-indent:-.4in;line-height:200%">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">-- the intentional bombing of the water treatment plants, despite their awareness of the likely resultant spread of diseases from drinking non-potable water.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">As a direct result of these cruel and inhuman acts, thousands of people died, many more suffered illnesses and permanent injury. For these actions,
the Defendants are guilty of Nuremberg Crimes Against Humanity and the Crime of Genocide as recognized by international law and U.S. domestic law.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText3" style="margin-left:.5in">Defendant Bush, Having Destroyed Iraq's Economic Base, Demands Reparations Which Will Permanently Impoverish Iraq and Threaten Its People with Famine and Epidemic.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">39. Defendant Bush seeks to force Iraq to pay for damages to Kuwait largely caused by the U.S. and even to pay U.S. costs for its
violation of Iraqi sovereignty in occupying northern Iraq to further manipulate the Kurdish population there. Such reparations are neo-colonial means of expropriating Iraq's oil, natural resources, and human labor. Meanwhile, the United States government
dominates and controls the respective governments and oil resources of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, and Qatar.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">40. The United States government has successfully carried out its longstanding threat and war plan to seize and steal the oil resources
of the Persian Gulf for its own benefit. The United States now <b>either directly or indirectly</b> controls the natural energy resources that fuel the economies of Europe and Japan. Acting with their de facto allies in Israel and Great Britain, the Defendants
are today <b>seeking to</b> consolidate their control over the entire Middle East in a blatant bid to establish worldwide hegemony.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="margin-left:.5in">Bush's "New World Order"<o:p></o:p></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">41. Today, the government in the United States of America constitutes an international criminal conspiracy under the Nuremberg Charter,
Judgment and Principles that is legally identical to the Nazi government in World War II Germany. The Defendants' wanton extermination of approximately 250,000 people in Iraq provides definitive proof of the validity of this Nuremberg Proposition for the
entire world to see. Indeed, Defendant Bush's so-called New World Order sounds and looks strikingly similar to the New Order proclaimed by Adolph Hitler over fifty years ago. You do not build a
<i>real</i> New World Order with stealth bombers, Abrams tanks, and tomahawk cruise missiles. For their own good and the good of all humanity, the American people must condemn and repudiate Defendant Bush and his grotesque vision of a New World Order that
is constructed upon warfare, bloodshed, violence and criminality.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="margin-left:.5in">Impeachment<o:p></o:p></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"> 42. All of these aforementioned international crimes constitute "High Crimes and Misdemeanors" as defined by the Article 2, Section 4
of the United States Constitution and therefore warrant the impeachment, conviction, and removal from office of Defendants Bush, Quayle, Baker, Cheney, Powell, and Scowcroft. In regard to this matter, Congressman Henry Gonzalez of Texas has already introduced
an Impeachment Resolution into the House of Representatives, that is numbered House Resolution 86, calling for the impeachment and removal from office of these Defendants because they have committed these international crimes and also because they have subverted
and perverted constitutional government in America "to the manifest injury of the people of the United States."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="margin-left:.5in">A Special Prosecutor<o:p></o:p></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">43. These Defendants must be impeached by the House, tried and convicted by the Senate, and removed from office. Thereafter, we
believe that the Commission of Inquiry and the International War Crimes Tribunal will have produced sufficient evidence to trigger the application of the Ethics in Government Act, 28 U.S.C. §591 et seq., that would lead to the appointment of an Independent
Counsel (i.e., Special Prosecutor) to investigate and prosecute these high-ranking officials for the wholesale violation of federal criminal laws in their decision to launch and wage this criminal war against the people and State of Iraq. We fully intend
to see Bush, Baker, Cheney, Quayle, Scowcroft, Webster, Powell, Schwarzkopf and the rest of the U.S. High Command sitting in jail for the rest of their natural lives.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="margin-left:.5in">Conclusion<o:p></o:p></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">44. Make no mistake about it: The very nature, future and existence of the American Republic depends upon the success of these
endeavors. Today, the battle begins for the hearts and minds of the American People between the Warmongers and the Peacemakers. We ask all of you to join us in this legal campaign and moral crusade to
<b>reclaim for</b> the United States of America a democratic government with a commitment to the Rule of Law and the Constitution both at home and abroad.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:center;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">Notes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">Francis A. Boyle<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">Law Building<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">504 E. Pennsylvania Ave.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">Champaign, IL 61820 USA<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">217-333-7954 (voice)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">217-244-1478 (fax)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">(personal comments only)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="BoyleEndnoteStyle"><a style="mso-endnote-id:edn1" href="#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b>[i]</b></span></a><span class="BoyleEndnoteStyleChar"><b>
<i>See </i>Ramsey Clark, <i>Planning U.S. Dominion over the Gulf</i>, in his The Fire This Time 3-37 (1992).
<i>See also</i> Ramsey Clark & Others, War Crimes: A Report on United States War Crimes Against Iraq (Maisonneuve Press: 1992).
<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
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<div style="mso-element:endnote" id="edn2">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:200%">
<a style="mso-endnote-id:edn2" href="#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b>[ii]</b></span></a><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%">.
<i>See</i> Ramsey Clark, The Fire This Time 23-24 (1992); Hamdi A. Hassan, The Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait 37, 47-51 (1999);
<i>The Glaspie-Hussein Transcript</i>, Beyond the Storm 391-96 (Phyllis Bennis & Michel Moushabeck eds. 1991).</span></b></p>
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