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<div class="title" style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding-top: 1px; font-size: 30px;">
Tomgram: Aviva Chomsky, The Fight Over the Criminalization of Immigrants</div>
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Posted by <a href="http://www.tomdispatch.com/authors/avivachomsky/" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">Aviva Chomsky</a> at 7:41am, <span style="white-space: nowrap;" class="">March 13, 2018.<br class="">
Follow TomDispatch on Twitter <a href="http://www.twitter.com/tomdispatch" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">@TomDispatch</a>.</span></div>
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[<strong class="">Note for TomDispatch Readers:</strong> <em class="">Just a reminder that a signed, personalized copy of James Carroll's moving new novel, </em><a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0385541279/ref=nosim/?tag=tomdispatch-20" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">The
Cloister</a><em class="">, his vivid retelling of the medieval love story of Abelard and Héloïse, set against the grim backdrop of the Crusades, is still available to any </em>TomDispatch<em class=""> reader willing to donate $100 to this website ($125 if
you live outside the United States). Check out Carroll's <a href="http://www.tomdispatch.com/post/176395/tomgram%3A_james_carroll%2C_an_american_reckoning/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">recent </a></em><a href="http://www.tomdispatch.com/post/176395/tomgram%3A_james_carroll%2C_an_american_reckoning/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">TD</a><em class=""><a href="http://www.tomdispatch.com/post/176395/tomgram%3A_james_carroll%2C_an_american_reckoning/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class=""> piece</a> on
our modern version of the Crusades, then think about getting yourself a superb book to read and, while you're at it, helping </em>TD<em class="">stay afloat in a crazed world. Go to <a href="https://donatenow.networkforgood.org/1443285?uniqueID=634795889283895124" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">our
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<p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding-top: 0px; line-height: 20.8px; font-size: 16px;" class="">
Forget Emma Lazarus’s poetry and the Statue of Liberty; you really don’t want to be an immigrant in today’s America. As Dara Lind recently <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/3/5/17071648/impact-trump-immigration-policy-children" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">pointed
out</a> at <em class="">Vox</em>, being an immigrant or the child of one (even if you're a U.S. citizen) now means living in a “miasma of fear.” That’s the conclusion of two recent studies of immigrants of every sort, including those who are permanent residents
and their children. And who could be surprised in an American world in which, from Donald Trump’s future wall on the border with Mexico to Attorney General Jeff Session’s <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/06/us/politics/justice-department-california-sanctuary-cities.html" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">court
assault</a> on California’s immigration policies, the very idea of being an immigrant has been transformed into a vision of crime, gangs, drugs, and that biggest bugaboo of all in our era, <a href="http://www.tomdispatch.com/post/176393/tomgram%3A_arnold_isaacs%2C_the_false_case_against_%22foreign-born_terrorists%22/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">terrorists</a>?
Since Trump’s first day in the presidential race in June 2015 when he <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2015/07/08/donald-trumps-false-comments-connecting-mexican-immigrants-and-crime/?utm_term=.30fd8499da23" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">denounced</a> Mexican
immigrants as “rapists,” he and his associates have never let up. Demonizing the very idea of immigration, at least from “<a href="https://www.cnn.com/2018/01/11/politics/immigrants-shithole-countries-trump/index.html" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">shithole
countries</a>,” which turn out to be just about anyplace not run by <a href="http://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/176376/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">white people</a>, has been the order of the day.</p>
<p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding-top: 0px; line-height: 20.8px; font-size: 16px;" class="">
As in Europe, so here, the new right-wing populism has engorged itself on a diet of immigrants, refugees, and Islamist terror. And in a world that’s coming increasingly unglued, particularly under the pressure of Washington’s never-ending war on terror across
much of the Greater Middle East and parts of Africa, we’ve undoubtedly had only a taste of what’s still to come. We already know from <a href="http://www.unhcr.org/afr/news/stories/2017/6/5941561f4/forced-displacement-worldwide-its-highest-decades.html" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">figures</a> released
last year by the U.N. refugee agency that in 2016 there were an estimated 65.6 million displaced people on this planet, <a href="http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/figures-at-a-glance.html" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">almost
23 million</a> of them refugees (that is, people who had actually crossed at least one international border), startling numbers of them <a href="http://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/176296/tomgram%3A_karen_greenberg%2C_a_planet%27s_future_threatened_by_the_fate_of_its_children" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">children</a>.
Those figures haven’t been matched since the end of World War II.</p>
<p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding-top: 0px; line-height: 20.8px; font-size: 16px;" class="">
And that’s just a beginning, given those that, in the decades to come, are likely to be uprooted by the ravages of climate change (and the droughts, rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and <a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/once-again-climate-change-cited-as-trigger-for-war/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">potential
wars</a> that will be associated with it). One <a href="https://academicimpact.un.org/content/predicted-rising-tide-migration" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">U.N. estimate</a> suggests that, by 2050, up to
a quarter of a billion people may be displaced by its effects and such figures could prove underestimates. As Todd Miller has <a href="http://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/176360/tomgram%3A_todd_miller%2C_the_market_in_walls_is_growing_in_a_warming_world" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">written</a>,
“By 2050, 10% percent of all Mexicans between 15 and 65 might be heading north, thanks to rising temperatures, droughts, and floods.”</p>
<p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding-top: 0px; line-height: 20.8px; font-size: 16px;" class="">
So, as a subject, immigration is likely to be alive and well in 2050, by which time god knows where the present criminalization of the immigrant will have gone. That's why it’s so important to talk a little sense when it comes to the overheating world of the
American immigrant, as <a href="http://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/176271/tomgram%3A_aviva_chomsky%2C_the_criminalization_of_immigrants_from_clinton_to_trump" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class=""><em class="">TomDispatch</em> regular</a> Aviva
Chomsky, author of <em class=""><a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/0807001678/ref=nosim/?tag=tomdispatch-20" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">Undocumented: How Immigration Became Illegal</a></em>, does today. <em class="">Tom</em></p>
<blockquote style="padding: 0px 20px 0px 0px; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" class="">
<p style="margin: 11px 0px 15px; padding-top: 0px; line-height: 20.8px; font-size: 16px;" class="">
<span style="font-size: x-large;" class=""><strong class="">Talking Sense About Immigration</strong></span><br class="">
<span style="font-size: medium;" class=""><strong class="">Rejecting the President’s Manichaean Worldview</strong></span><br class="">
By <a href="http://www.tomdispatch.com/authors/avivachomsky" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">Aviva Chomsky</a></p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding-top: 0px; line-height: 20.8px; font-size: 16px;" class="">
The immigration debate seems to have gone crazy.</p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding-top: 0px; line-height: 20.8px; font-size: 16px;" class="">
President Obama’s widely <a href="http://thehill.com/latino/375677-poll-finds-broad-support-for-path-to-citizenship-for-daca-recipients" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">popular</a> Deferred Action for Childhood
Arrivals program, or DACA, which offered some 750,000 young immigrants brought to the United States as children a temporary reprieve from deportation, is <a href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/trumps-daca-deadline-just-passed-whats-next" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">ending</a>...
except it isn’t... except it is... President Trump <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/14/us/politics/trump-daca-dreamers.html" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">claims</a> to support it but ordered its halt,
while both Republicans and Democrats insist that they want to preserve it and blame each other for its impending demise. (Meanwhile, the Supreme Court recently <a href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/trumps-daca-deadline-just-passed-whats-next" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">stepped
in</a> to allow DACA recipients to renew their status at least for now.)</p>
</blockquote>
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<blockquote style="padding: 0px 20px 0px 0px; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" class="">
<p style="margin: 11px 0px 15px; padding-top: 0px; line-height: 20.8px; font-size: 16px;" class="">
On a single day in mid-February, the Senate <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/15/us/politics/immigration-senate-dreamers.html" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">rejected</a> no less than four immigration
bills. These ranged from a narrow proposal to punish sanctuary cities that placed limits on local police collaboration with Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) officials to major overhauls of the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act that established
the current system of immigration quotas (with preferences for “family reunification”).</p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding-top: 0px; line-height: 20.8px; font-size: 16px;" class="">
And add in one more thing: virtually everyone in the political sphere is now tailoring his or her pronouncements and votes to political opportunism rather than the real issues at hand.</p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding-top: 0px; line-height: 20.8px; font-size: 16px;" class="">
Politicians and commentators who once denounced “illegal immigration,” insisting that people “do it the right way,” are now advocating stripping legal status from many who possess it and drastically cutting even legalized immigration. These days, the hearts
of conservative Republicans, otherwise promoting programs for plutocrats, are <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/washingtonbytes/2018/02/01/while-trump-blames-immigrants/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">bleeding</a> for
low-wage workers whose livelihoods, they claim (quite incorrectly), are being undermined by competition from immigrants. Meanwhile, Chicago Democrat Luis Gutiérrez -- a rare, reliably pro-immigrant voice in Congress -- recently <a href="http://thehill.com/homenews/house/369945-gutierrez-ready-to-give-in-on-wall" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">swore</a> that,
when it came to Trump’s much-touted wall on the Mexican border, he was ready to “take a bucket, take bricks, and start building it myself... We will dirty our hands in order for the Dreamers to have a clean future in America.”</p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding-top: 0px; line-height: 20.8px; font-size: 16px;" class="">
While in Gutiérrez’s neck of the woods, favoring Dreamers may seem politically expedient, giving in to Trump's wall would result in far more than just dirty hands, buckets, and bricks, and the congressman knows that quite well. The significant fortifications
already in place on the U.S.-Mexican border have already <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Storming-Wall-Migration-Homeland-Security/dp/0872867153" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">contributed</a> to the deaths
of thousands of migrants, to the increasing militarization of the region, to a dramatic rise of paramilitary drug- and human-smuggling gangs, and to a rise in violent lawlessness on both sides of the border. Add to that a 2,000-mile concrete wall or some <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2018/01/11/politics/donald-trump-positions-on-the-wall-daca/index.html" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">combination</a> of
walls, fences, bolstered border patrols, and the latest in technology and you’re not just talking about some benign waste of money in return for hanging on to the DACA kids.</p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding-top: 0px; line-height: 20.8px; font-size: 16px;" class="">
In the swirl of all this, the demands of immigrant rights organizations for a “clean Dream Act” that would genuinely protect DACA recipients without giving in to Trump’s many anti-immigration demands have come to seem increasingly unrealistic. No matter that
they hold the only morally coherent position in town -- and a broadly <a href="http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/368959-poll-most-americans-support-daca" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">popular</a> one
nationally as well -- DACA's congressional backers seem to have already conceded defeat.</p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding-top: 0px; line-height: 20.8px; font-size: 16px;" class="">
<strong class="">Good Guys and Bad Guys</strong></p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding-top: 0px; line-height: 20.8px; font-size: 16px;" class="">
It won’t surprise you, I’m sure, to learn that Donald Trump portrays the world in a strikingly black-and-white way when it comes to immigration (and so much else). He emphasizes the violent criminal nature of immigrants and the undocumented, repeatedly <a href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/trump-continues-to-cast-some-immigrants-as-criminals" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">highlighting</a> and
falsely generalizing from relatively <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2018/01/18/trumps-claim-that-immigrants-bring-tremendous-crime-is-still-wrong/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">rare
cases</a> in which one of them committed a violent crime like the San Francisco killing of <a href="http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2017/dec/18/Donald-Trumps-misleading-claims-in-Kate-Steinle/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">Kate
Steinle</a>. His sweeping <a href="https://www.newsday.com/long-island/politics/trump-s-pungent-profane-insult-to-immigrants-origins-1.16130769" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">references</a> to “foreign bad
guys” and “shithole countries” suggest that he applies the same set of judgments to the international arena.</p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding-top: 0px; line-height: 20.8px; font-size: 16px;" class="">
Under Trump’s auspices, the agency in charge of applying the law to immigrants, the Immigration and Customs Enforcement, has taken the concept of criminality to new heights in order to justify expanded priorities for deportation. Now, an actual criminal conviction
is no longer necessary. An individual with “pending criminal charges” or simply a “known gang member” has also become an ICE “<a href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/nation/2017/09/28/icearrests/QNxhEFfeJ5zvgcgU7cQGNK/story.html" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">priority</a>.”
In other words, a fear-inspiring accusation or even rumor is all that’s needed to deem an immigrant a “criminal.”</p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding-top: 0px; line-height: 20.8px; font-size: 16px;" class="">
And such attitudes are making their way ever deeper into this society. I’ve seen it at Salem State University, the college where I teach. In a recent memo explaining why he opposes giving the school sanctuary-campus status, the chief of campus police insisted
that his force must remain authorized to report students to ICE when there are cases of “bad actors... street gang participation... drug trafficking... even absent a warrant or other judicial order.” In other words, due process be damned, the police, any
police, can determine guilt as they wish.</p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding-top: 0px; line-height: 20.8px; font-size: 16px;" class="">
And this tendency toward such a Trumpian Manichaean worldview, now being used to justify the growth of what can only be called an incipient police state, is so strong that it’s even infiltrated the thinking of some of the president’s immigration opponents.<strong class=""> </strong>Take
“chain migration,” an obscure concept previously used mainly by sociologists and historians to describe nineteenth and twentieth century global migration patterns. The president has, of course, made it his epithet <em class="">du jour</em>.</p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding-top: 0px; line-height: 20.8px; font-size: 16px;" class="">
Because the president <a href="http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2018/01/30/full-text-trumps-state-union-address.html" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">spoke</a> of “chain migration” in such a derogatory way, anti-Trump
liberals immediately assumed that the phrase was inherently insulting. MSNBC correspondent Joy Reid typically <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=3192&v=cWlwmDvVIp4" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">charged</a> that
“the president is saying that the only bill he will approve of must end what they call ‘chain migration’ which is actually a term we in the media should just not use! Because quite frankly it’s not a real thing, it’s a made up term... [and] so offensive!
It’s shocking to me that we’re just adopting it wholesale because [White House adviser] Stephen Miller wants to call it that... [The term should be] family migration.”</p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding-top: 0px; line-height: 20.8px; font-size: 16px;" class="">
Similarly, New York Senator Kirsten Gillibrand <a href="http://freebeacon.com/politics/gillibrand-chain-migration-phrase-racist-slur/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">claimed</a> that “when someone uses the phrase
chain migration... it is intentional in trying to demonize families, literally trying to demonize families, and make it a racist slur.” House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi <a href="http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/democrats-think-chain-migration-is-a-racist-term-but-they-said-it-themselves-in-october/article/2647869" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">agreed</a>:
“Look what they're doing with family unification, making up a fake name, chain. Chain, they like the word ‘chain.’ That sends tremors through people.”</p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding-top: 0px; line-height: 20.8px; font-size: 16px;" class="">
But chain migration is not the same as family reunification. Chain migration is a term used by academics to explain how people tended to migrate from their home communities using pre-existing networks. Examples would include the <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Warmth-Other-Suns-Americas-Migration/dp/0679763880/ref=ntt_at_ep_edition_1_1" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">great
migration of African Americans</a> from the rural south to the urban north and west, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Making-Living-Environment-United-States/dp/0807858781/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">the
migrations of rural Appalachians</a> to Midwestern industrial cities, waves of <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3348581?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">European migration</a> to
the United States at the turn of the last century, as well as <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Transnational-Villagers-Peggy-Levitt/dp/0520228138/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">contemporary migration</a> from
Latin America and Asia.</p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding-top: 0px; line-height: 20.8px; font-size: 16px;" class="">
A single individual or a small group, possibly recruited through a state-sponsored system or by an employer, or simply knowing of employment opportunities in a particular area, sometimes making use of a new rail line or <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Empires-Guestworkers-Migrants-Occupation-Afro-Latin/dp/1107127696" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">steamship</a> or <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Sponsored-Migration-Puerto-Postwar-Americas/dp/0814213413" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">air
route</a>, would venture forth, opening up new horizons. Once in a new region or land, such immigrants directly or indirectly recruited friends, acquaintances, and family members. Soon enough, there were growing links -- hence that “chain” -- between the
original rural or urban communities where such people lived and distant cities. Financial remittances began to flow back; return migration (or simply visits to the old homeland) took place; letters about the new world arrived; and sometimes new technologies
solidified ongoing ties, impelling yet more streams of migrants. That’s the chain in chain migration and, despite the president and his supporters, there’s nothing offensive about it.</p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding-top: 0px; line-height: 20.8px; font-size: 16px;" class="">
Family reunification, on the other hand, was a specific part of this country’s 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act, which imposed quotas globally. These were then distributed through a priority system that privileged the close relatives of immigrants who
had already become permanent residents or U.S. citizens. Family reunification opened paths for those who had family members in the United States (though in countries where the urge to migrate was high, the waiting list could be decades long). In the process,
however, it made legal migration virtually impossible for those without such ties. There was no “line” for them to wait in. Like DACA and Temporary Protected Status (TPS), the two programs that President Trump is now working so assiduously to dismantle,
family reunification has been beneficial to those in a position to take advantage of it, even if it excluded far more people than it helped.</p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding-top: 0px; line-height: 20.8px; font-size: 16px;" class="">
<a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1608467732/ref=nosim/?tag=tomdispatch-20" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class=""><img src="http://www.tomdispatch.com/images/managed/shadows_mccoy.jpg" alt="" hspace="6" align="left" style="border-width: 0px;" class=""></a>Why
does this matter? As a start, at a moment when political posturing and “fake news” are becoming the norm, it’s important that the immigrant rights movement remain accurate and on solid ground in its arguments. (Indeed, the anti-immigrant right has been quick
to <a href="http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/democrats-think-chain-migration-is-a-racist-term-but-they-said-it-themselves-in-october/article/2647869" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">gloat</a>over Democrats
condemning a term they had been perfectly happy to use in the past.) In addition, it’s crucial not to be swept away by Trump’s Manichaean view of the world when it comes to immigration. Legally, family reunification was never an open-arms policy. It was
always a key component in a system of quotas meant to limit, control, and police migration, often in stringent ways. It was part of a system built to exclude at least as much as include. There may be good reasons to defend the family reunification provisions
of the 1965 Act, just as there are good reasons to defend DACA -- but that does not mean that a deeply problematic status quo should be glorified.</p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding-top: 0px; line-height: 20.8px; font-size: 16px;" class="">
<strong class="">Racism and the Immigrant “Threat”</strong></p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding-top: 0px; line-height: 20.8px; font-size: 16px;" class="">
Those very quotas and family-reunification policies served to “illegalize” most Mexican migration to the United States. That, in turn, created the basis not just for militarizing the police and <a href="http://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/175834/tomgram%3A_todd_miller,_the_creation_of_a_border_security_state/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">the
border</a>, but for what anthropologist Leo Chávez has <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Latino-Threat-Constructing-Immigrants-Citizens/dp/0804759340" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">called</a> the “Latino threat
narrative”: the notion that the United States somehow faces an existential threat from Mexican and other Latino immigrants.</p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding-top: 0px; line-height: 20.8px; font-size: 16px;" class="">
So President Trump has drawn on a long legacy here, even if in a particularly invidious fashion. The narrative evolved over time in ways that sought to downplay its explicitly racial nature. Popular commentators <a href="http://www.foxnews.com/us/2015/05/18/immigrants-applying-to-enter-us-legally-facing-longer-waits.html" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">railed</a> against
“illegal” immigrants, while lauding those who “do it the right way.” The threat narrative, for instance, lurked at the very heart of the immigration policies of the Obama administration. President Obama regularly hailed exceptional Latino and other immigrants,
even as the criminalization, mass incarceration, and deportation of so many were, if anything, being <a href="https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/obama-record-deportations-deporter-chief-or-not" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">ramped
up</a>. Criminalization provided a “color-blind” cover as the president <a href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/11/20/remarks-president-address-nation-immigration" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">separated</a>undocumented
immigrants into two distinct groups: “felons” and “families.” In those years, so many commentators postured on the side of those they defined as the deserving exceptions, while adding further fuel to the threat narrative.</p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding-top: 0px; line-height: 20.8px; font-size: 16px;" class="">
President Trump has held onto a version of this ostensibly color-blind and exceptionalist narrative, while loudly <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jan/15/i-am-not-a-racist-trump-says-after-backlash-over-shithole-nations-remark" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">proclaiming</a> himself
“the least racist person” anyone might ever run into and <a href="http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/350601-trump-does-anyone-really-want-to-throw-out-good-educated-young-people" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">praising</a> DACA
recipients as “good, educated, and accomplished young people.” But the racist nature of his anti-immigrant extremism and his invocations of the “threat” have gone well beyond Obama’s programs. In his attack on legal immigration, chain migration, and legal
statuses like DACA and TPS, race has again reared its head explicitly.<strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""></strong></p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding-top: 0px; line-height: 20.8px; font-size: 16px;" class="">
Unless they were to <a href="http://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/176376/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">come from</a> “countries like Norway” or have some special “merit,” Trump seems to believe that immigrants
should essentially all be illegalized, prohibited, or expelled. Some of his earliest <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38781302" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">policy moves</a> like his attacks
on refugees and his travel ban were aimed precisely at those who would otherwise fall into a legal category, those who had “followed the rules,” “waited in line,” “registered with the government,” or “paid taxes,” including refugees, DACA kids, and TPS recipients
-- all of them people already in the system and approved for entry or residence.</p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding-top: 0px; line-height: 20.8px; font-size: 16px;" class="">
As ICE spokespeople <a href="https://www.ice.gov/news/releases/dhs-announces-progress-enforcing-immigration-laws-protecting-americans" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">remind</a> us when asked to comment on particularly
egregious examples of the arbitrary detention and deportation of long-term residents, President Trump has <a href="https://www.ice.gov/news/releases/dhs-announces-progress-enforcing-immigration-laws-protecting-americans" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">rescinded</a> the
Obama-era “priority enforcement” program that emphasized the apprehension and deportation of people with criminal records and recent border-crossers. Now, “no category of removable aliens [is] exempt from enforcement.” While President Trump has continued
to verbally support the Dreamers, his main goal in doing so has clearly been to use them as a bargaining chip in obtaining his dramatically restrictionist priorities from a reluctant Congress.</p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding-top: 0px; line-height: 20.8px; font-size: 16px;" class="">
The U.S. Customs and Immigration Service (USCIS) made the new restrictionist turn official in late February when it revised its <a href="https://theintercept.com/2018/02/22/u-s-citizenship-and-immigration-services-will-remove-nation-of-immigrants-from-mission-statement/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">mission
statement</a> to delete this singular line: “USCIS secures America’s promise as a nation of immigrants.” No longer. Instead, we are now told, the agency “administers the nation’s lawful immigration system, safeguarding its integrity and promise... while protecting
Americans, securing the homeland, and honoring our values.”</p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding-top: 0px; line-height: 20.8px; font-size: 16px;" class="">
<strong class="">Challenging the Restrictionist Agenda</strong></p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding-top: 0px; line-height: 20.8px; font-size: 16px;" class="">
Many immigrant rights organizations have fought hard against the criminalization narrative that distinguishes the Dreamers from other categories of immigrants. Mainstream and Democrat-affiliated organizations have, however, generally pulled the other way,
emphasizing the “innocence” of those young people who were brought here “<a href="http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-dreamers-decision-live-updates-obama-calls-daca-action-cruel-and-1504640867-htmlstory.html" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">through
no fault of their own</a>.”</p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding-top: 0px; line-height: 20.8px; font-size: 16px;" class="">
Dreamers, TPS recipients, refugees, and even those granted priority under the family reunification policy have all operated as exceptions to what has long been a far broader restrictionist immigration agenda. Trump has now taken that agenda in remarkably extreme
directions. So fighting to protect such exceptional categories makes sense, given the millions who have benefited from them, but no one should imagine that America’s policies have ever been generous or open. <strong class=""> </strong></p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding-top: 0px; line-height: 20.8px; font-size: 16px;" class="">
Regarding refugees, for example, the State Department website still <a href="https://www.state.gov/j/prm/ra/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">suggests</a>that “the United States is proud of its history of welcoming
immigrants and refugees... The U.S. refugee resettlement program reflects the United States’ highest values and aspirations to compassion, generosity, and leadership.” Even before Trump entered the Oval Office, this wasn’t actually true: the refugee resettlement
program has always been both <a href="http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/01/30/key-facts-about-refugees-to-the-u-s/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">small and highly politicized</a>. For example, out
of approximately seven million <a href="http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/01/29/where-displaced-syrians-have-resettled/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">Syrian refugees</a>who fled the complex set of
conflicts in their country since 2011 -- conflicts that would not have unfolded as they did without the American invasion of Iraq -- the United States has accepted only 21,000. Now, however, the fight to preserve even such numbers looks like a losing rearguard
battle.</p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding-top: 0px; line-height: 20.8px; font-size: 16px;" class="">
Given that a truly just reform of the country’s immigration system is inconceivable at the moment, it makes sense that those concerned with immigrant rights concentrate on areas where egregious need or popular sympathy have made stopgap measures realistic.
The problem is that, over the years, this approach has tended to separate out particular groups of immigrants from the larger narrative and so failed to challenge the underlying racial and criminalizing animus toward all those immigrants consigned to <a href="http://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/176099/tomgram%3A_aviva_chomsky%2C_a_newspaper%27s_crisis_reveals_unreported_worlds" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">the
depths</a><strong class=""> </strong>of the economic system and systematically denied the right of belonging. </p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding-top: 0px; line-height: 20.8px; font-size: 16px;" class="">
In a sense, President Trump is correct: there really isn’t a way to draw a hard and fast line between legal and illegal immigration or between the felons and the families. Many immigrants live in mixed-status households, including those whose presence has
been authorized in different ways or not authorized at all. And most of those felons, often convicted of recently criminalized, immigration-related or other minor violations, have families, too.</p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding-top: 0px; line-height: 20.8px; font-size: 16px;" class="">
Trump and his followers, of course, want just about all immigrants to be criminalized and excluded or deported because, in one way or another, they consider them dangers to the rest of us. While political realism demands that battles be fought for the rights
of particular groups of immigrants, it’s no less important to challenge the looming narrative of immigrant criminalization and to refuse to assume that the larger war has already been lost. In the end, isn’t it time to challenge the notion that people in
general, and immigrants in particular, can be easily divided into deserving good guys and undeserving bad guys?</p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding-top: 0px; line-height: 20.8px; font-size: 16px;" class="">
<em class="">Aviva Chomsky is professor of history and coordinator of Latin American studies at Salem State University in Massachusetts and a </em><a href="http://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/176271/tomgram%3A_aviva_chomsky%2C_the_criminalization_of_immigrants_from_clinton_to_trump" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">TomDispatch<em class="">regular</em></a><em class="">.
Her most recent book is </em><a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/0807001678/ref=nosim/?tag=tomdispatch-20" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">Undocumented: How Immigration Became Illegal</a><em class="">. </em></p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding-top: 0px; line-height: 20.8px; font-size: 16px;" class="">
<em class="">Follow </em>TomDispatch<em class=""> on <a href="https://twitter.com/TomDispatch" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">Twitter</a> and join us on <a href="http://www.facebook.com/tomdispatch" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">Facebook</a>.
Check out the newest Dispatch Book, Alfred McCoy's </em><a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1608467732/ref=nosim/?tag=tomdispatch-20" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">In the Shadows of the American Century: The
Rise and Decline of U.S. Global Power</a><em class="">, as well as John Dower's </em><a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1608467236/ref=nosim/?tag=tomdispatch-20" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">The Violent American
Century: War and Terror Since World War II</a><em class="">, John Feffer's dystopian novel </em><a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1608467244/ref=nosim/?tag=tomdispatch-20" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">Splinterlands</a><em class="">,
Nick Turse's </em><a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/1608466485/ref=nosim/?tag=tomdispatch-20" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">Next Time They’ll Come to Count the Dead</a><em class="">, and Tom Engelhardt's </em><a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/1608463656/ref=nosim/?tag=tomdispatch-20" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(155, 57, 33); text-decoration: none;" class="">Shadow
Government: Surveillance, Secret Wars, and a Global Security State in a Single-Superpower World</a><em class="">.</em></p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding-top: 0px; line-height: 20.8px; font-size: 16px;" class="">
Copyright 2018 Aviva Chomsky</p>
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