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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:black">When the Reverend Doctor Martin Luther King Junior—RIP—came to Chicago, he decided to directly confront the Headquarters for the American Nazi Party in
Gage Park under their Fuhrer George Lincoln Rockwell. I decided to march with him. So in order to orient myself, on the night before his march, I drove down to 55<sup>th</sup> Street and found their bungalow with a large Nazi Flag flying in front of it.
The next morning I drove over there to march with Doctor King. But there was so much pandemonium I could not get anywhere near him.
<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:black">Fab<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:black">Native Chicagoan.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:black">Francis A. Boyle<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:black">Law Building<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:black">504 E. Pennsylvania Ave.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:black">Champaign, IL 61820 USA<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:black">217-333-7954 (phone)<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:black">217-244-1478 (fax)<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><span style="font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:black">(personal comments only)<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> Peace-discuss <peace-discuss-bounces@lists.chambana.net>
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Karen Aram via Peace-discuss<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Thursday, March 15, 2018 11:25 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> Peace-discuss List (peace-discuss@lists.chambana.net) <peace-discuss@lists.chambana.net><br>
<b>Subject:</b> [Peace-discuss] Nazi march in Skokie, Illinois<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">The trial related to the Nazi threat of marching in Skokie, Illinois took place in 1977. I left the US in 1977, thus the march that did take place to which I was referring, had to have happened in the “1960’s.”
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">Please see below:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-size:31.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Chicago’s Not-Too-Distant Nazi Past<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h2 style="mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:.5in;line-height:16.5pt;background:white;vertical-align:baseline;color:inherit;text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-stretch: inherit">
<span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;font-weight:normal">In the 1960s and ’70s, Nazis marched the streets of Chicago and its suburbs—to protest black residents moving in. We spoke with the lawyer that defended their First Amendment right.<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<p class="byline" style="mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;background:white;vertical-align:baseline">
<b><span style="font-size:15.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase">BY ALISON MARTIN<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="timestamp" style="mso-margin-top-alt:30.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;background:white;vertical-align:baseline;font-variant-ligatures: inherit;font-variant-position: inherit;font-variant-caps: inherit;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-variant-alternates: inherit;font-variant-east-asian: inherit;font-stretch: inherit">
<i><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#666666;text-transform:uppercase">PUBLISHED NOV. 30, 2016<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
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</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"inherit",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"inherit",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"inherit",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"inherit",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"inherit",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;text-transform:uppercase"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verlag B",serif;text-transform:uppercase">0 COMMENTS<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:15.0pt;font-family:"inherit",serif"><img width="620" height="420" style="width:6.4583in;height:4.375in" id="article-lead-image" src="http://media.chicagomag.com/images/cache/cache_b/cache_f/cache_e/Trib_Nazi-10480efb.jpeg?ver=1482330878&aspectratio=1.475845410628" alt="Chicago Tribune, August 19, 1966"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span class="caption"><span style="font-size:15.0pt;font-family:"inherit",serif;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">Chicago Tribune, August 19, 1966</span></span><span style="font-size:15.0pt;font-family:"Times",serif"> </span><span class="photo-credit"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verlag B",serif;color:#666666;text-transform:uppercase;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">SCREENSHOT:
TRIBUNE ARCHIVE</span></span><span style="font-size:15.0pt;font-family:"Times",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#282828">From the racist rhetoric of his campaign to the appointment of white supremacist Steve Bannon as his chief strategist, Donald Trump’s election has emboldened white nationalist groups that
were once considered fringe. When his victory brought “Hail Trump” cheers and Nazi salutes from the crowd at the National Policy Institute’s Nov. 19 meeting in Washington. D.C., many of Trump’s detractors feared the worst—a return of Nazi ideology to mainstream
America.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:20.25pt;background:white;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant-ligatures: inherit;font-variant-position: inherit;font-variant-caps: inherit;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-variant-alternates: inherit;font-variant-east-asian: inherit;font-stretch: inherit">
<span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#282828">In fact, it hasn’t been so long since that particular blend of anti-Semitism, racism, and misogyny held sway even in deep-blue Chicago. Decades after Hitler was defeated in Europe, the
National Socialist Party of America (an offshoot of the American Nazi Party) had a stronghold in Chicago’s Marquette Park in the 1970s, where it mostly focused on anti-black policies. The sentiment was not fringe at the time; we previously wrote about how,
in the mid-20th century, especially in reaction to Martin Luther King Jr.’s campaign for fair housing, <a href="http://www.chicagomag.com/city-life/April-2015/How-White-Housing-Riots-Shaped-Chicago/"><span style="font-family:"inherit",serif;color:#282828;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">mobs
of thousands of white people</span></a> in Chicago violently tried to stop blacks from moving into majority-white neighborhoods.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:20.25pt;background:white;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant-ligatures: inherit;font-variant-position: inherit;font-variant-caps: inherit;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-variant-alternates: inherit;font-variant-east-asian: inherit;font-stretch: inherit">
<span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#282828">NSPA head Frank Collin was perhaps most famous for a <a href="http://www.jta.org/2013/06/20/news-opinion/the-telegraph/nazis-marching-through-skokie"><span style="font-family:"inherit",serif;color:#282828;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">landmark
1978 U.S. Supreme Court case</span></a> in which the group fought for the right to protest in front of Skokie’s city hall, a wildly unpopular move as the suburb had a large Jewish population, including many Holocaust survivors.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:20.25pt;margin-left:.5in;line-height:20.25pt;background:white;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant-ligatures: inherit;font-variant-position: inherit;font-variant-caps: inherit;font-variant-numeric: inherit;font-variant-alternates: inherit;font-variant-east-asian: inherit;font-stretch: inherit">
<span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#282828">David Goldberger, professor of law of Jewish heritage at Ohio State University, argued on Collin’s behalf while working for the American Civil Liberties Union. Here’s what Goldberger had
to say about why the Nazis settled in Chicago, his First Amendment role, and his thoughts on Chicago’s future.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="question" style="mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.75pt;background:white;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-stretch: inherit">
<b><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"inherit",serif;color:#282828;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">What factors in Chicago led to this Nazi group taking shape in Chicago?</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Verlag B",serif;color:#282828"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#282828">Collin managed to buy a place in the Marquette Park area. His building was in a Lithuanian neighborhood. To the east of that neighborhood, [Englewood] had been a changing neighborhood
and was becoming solidly black. The homes in the Marquette Park area were turning over. There was a sense that the transition from white to black was spreading, and that made, I think, the NSPA an increasingly appealing group.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<b><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"inherit",serif;color:#282828;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">How did the Chicago Housing Authority indirectly help segregation in the city as the Nazis wanted?</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Verlag B",serif;color:#282828"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#282828">It was clear that public housing was needed, and Mayor [Richard M.] Daley located the housing developments in places where it was pretty clear that you could concentrate minorities. There
would be natural barriers for the minorities then to spread, for example the Dan Ryan Expressway. I think if you look at the location of the housing projects that went up, they were all located in black communities so that would increase the concentration
because they were very high density operations.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<b><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"inherit",serif;color:#282828;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">How did Chicagoans initially react to the Nazis?</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Verlag B",serif;color:#282828"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#282828">That’s hard to say. It seemed to me in the Marquette Park area they were quite tolerant. I don’t want to say farther than that. The black community, needless to say, was hostile because
the NSPA was focused on race as opposed to going after Jews, although Jews were on its agenda. The black neighborhoods in Englewood and the neighboring areas understood what was what. I think as you move north, there was indifference. [The Nazis] were regarded
as a curiosity, an offensive curiosity, but a curiosity nonetheless.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<b><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"inherit",serif;color:#282828;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">How did you get involved in the controversy with the NSPA?</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Verlag B",serif;color:#282828"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#282828">The Chicago Park district began to block [Collin’s] access [to public spaces]. He came to the ACLU, and we sued the Chicago Park District successfully to have that restriction invalidated.
He then asked us to represent him in dealing with getting a permit to hold a parade. Our position at the ACLU was he has a First Amendment right, so we basically represented him in getting the permit. [After he was arrested for marching,] we represented him
in criminal proceedings. He was acquitted because it was pretty clear to the judge—who had the guts to do it, I must say—that it was classic First Amendment activity.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#282828">Following that, Collin was blocked out of all parks. We sued the Chicago Park District to get him back in Marquette Park. There was going to be a hearing because now the Park District
wanted Collin to obtain insurance, and no insurance company in its right mind was going to write the insurance. As a consequence, Collin began to apply to park districts throughout the suburbs to hold assemblies.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#282828">I went home [one day], and I got a phone call from Collin saying, “I’ve been planning to go hold an assembly in downtown Skokie because I’ve been refused a permit by the Skokie Park District,
and I was just served with papers that I’m to appear in court tomorrow because they’re going to try enjoin my march.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<b><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"inherit",serif;color:#282828;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">How did you feel arguing that case?</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Verlag B",serif;color:#282828"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#282828">Well, to be perfectly honest, I was a pretty stubborn First Amendment lawyer. What Collin wanted was to engage in pristine First Amendment activity. At that point, I had no indication
of any interest in violence or any desire to get arrested or anything like that. I wasn’t wild about it, but it seemed to me that if I had any respect for the First Amendment, it was a slam dunk and you did it. And if I didn’t want to do it, then it was time
for me to look for a new occupation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<b><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"inherit",serif;color:#282828;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">Do you see any current issues in Chicago today that could pave the way to a resurgence of Nazi-like sentiments?</span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Verlag B",serif;color:#282828"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#282828">Before the Trump election, I would’ve said there’s very little that will happen, but it’s conceivable. I don’t know at this point statistically what part of the reactive white community
that’s left in Chicago as a proportion of the population, but I mean, we know that there’s a segment of the Chicago population that’s attracted to populism. It seems to me the Black Lives Matter movement has provoked a reaction. I think that really helped
Trump. In spite of the fact, I hope the kids don’t give up on it. But that [backlash] could crystallize the reemergence of that kind of extremist movement. It’s got to be a reaction to something, such as the black shootings of white police officers. People
get angry and hostile to start with and they’re looking for a reason to coalesce and feel like they’re part of a victimized community. And I’m not talking about blacks. I’m talking about a segment of the white community that feels victimized.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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