<html xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" xmlns:m="http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2004/12/omml" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 15 (filtered medium)">
<!--[if !mso]><style>v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style><![endif]--><style><!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:Wingdings;
panose-1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:"Calibri Light";
panose-1:2 15 3 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:"Arial Black";
panose-1:2 11 10 4 2 1 2 2 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Georgia;
panose-1:2 4 5 2 5 4 5 2 3 3;}
@font-face
{font-family:"Helvetica Neue";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;}
h2
{mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-link:"Heading 2 Char";
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
font-size:18.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;}
h3
{mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-link:"Heading 3 Char";
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
font-size:13.5pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;}
h4
{mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-link:"Heading 4 Char";
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;}
h5
{mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-link:"Heading 5 Char";
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:purple;
text-decoration:underline;}
span.Heading2Char
{mso-style-name:"Heading 2 Char";
mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-link:"Heading 2";
font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;
color:#2E74B5;}
span.Heading3Char
{mso-style-name:"Heading 3 Char";
mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-link:"Heading 3";
font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;
color:#1F4D78;}
span.Heading4Char
{mso-style-name:"Heading 4 Char";
mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-link:"Heading 4";
font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;
color:#2E74B5;
font-style:italic;}
span.Heading5Char
{mso-style-name:"Heading 5 Char";
mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-link:"Heading 5";
font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;
color:#2E74B5;}
span.circle
{mso-style-name:circle;}
span.EmailStyle22
{mso-style-type:personal;
font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;
color:#1F497D;
font-weight:bold;}
span.EmailStyle24
{mso-style-type:personal-reply;
font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;
color:#993366;
font-weight:bold;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
font-size:10.0pt;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
/* List Definitions */
@list l0
{mso-list-id:192614940;
mso-list-template-ids:-11750886;}
@list l0:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:.5in;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l0:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:1.0in;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";}
@list l0:level3
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:1.5in;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l0:level4
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:2.0in;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l0:level5
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:2.5in;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l0:level6
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:3.0in;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l0:level7
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:3.5in;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l0:level8
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:4.0in;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l0:level9
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:4.5in;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
ol
{margin-bottom:0in;}
ul
{margin-bottom:0in;}
--></style><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1026" />
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapelayout v:ext="edit">
<o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1" />
</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]-->
</head>
<body lang="EN-US" link="blue" vlink="purple">
<div class="WordSection1">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif">This visit {Dershowitz} is sponsored by Gies College of Business; The Program in Constitutional Theory, History, and Law at the College of Law {i.e., Fired and Disgraced
Dean Hurricane Heidi Hurd and her ConsortCIA/Mossad Torturer-mongerer Mikey Moore}; and the Chabad Center for Jewish {Sic!} Life at University of Illinois.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#993366"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#993366">And in light of the Gaza Genocide on Monday, I am glad we had our protest against Dershowitz and what he stands for—which was on manifest display on Monday.
Massacre Monday is precisely why we were protesting. We knew it was coming. Fab.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#993366"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#993366">Francis A. Boyle<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#993366">Law Building<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#993366">504 E. Pennsylvania Ave.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#993366">Champaign IL 61820 USA<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#993366">217-333-7954 (phone)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#993366">217-244-1478 (fax)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#993366">(personal comments only</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#993366">)</span><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#993366"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#993366"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<div>
<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> Boyle, Francis A
<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, May 16, 2018 7:36 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> Peace-discuss List (peace-discuss@lists.chambana.net) <peace-discuss@lists.chambana.net><br>
<b>Subject:</b> RE: The pseudo-left<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">In our protest against Dershowitz, we also had a nice protest against US Intervention against Syria. Congrats to everyone who put that on. I did not make
specific comments about Syria because I was speaking primarily against Dershowitz. But certainly agreed with what everyone else was saying. Fab.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Francis A. Boyle<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Law Building<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">504 E. Pennsylvania Ave.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Champaign IL 61820 USA<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">217-333-7954 (phone)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">217-244-1478 (fax)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">(personal comments only</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">)</span><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<div>
<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> Peace-discuss [<a href="mailto:peace-discuss-bounces@lists.chambana.net">mailto:peace-discuss-bounces@lists.chambana.net</a>]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Karen Aram via Peace-discuss<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, May 16, 2018 7:23 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> Peace-discuss List <<a href="mailto:peace-discuss@lists.chambana.net">peace-discuss@lists.chambana.net</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> [Peace-discuss] The pseudo-left<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div id="content">
<h2 style="mso-margin-top-alt:5.05pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-line-height-alt:14.4pt">
<span style="font-size:23.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333;font-weight:normal">The ISO and the imperialist politics of the pseudo-left<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<h5 style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:15.6pt"><i><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#666666;font-weight:normal">By Barry Grey <br>
16 May 2018<o:p></o:p></span></i></h5>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:7.5pt;line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">The International Socialist Organization is stepping up its efforts to legitimize American imperialism’s military interventions
in the Middle East in the wake of US-British-French missile strikes against Syria, the intensified offensive against Iran signaled by President Donald Trump’s pullout from the Iran nuclear agreement, and the Israeli bombardment of Iranian forces in Syria.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:7.5pt;line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">The ISO’s longstanding campaign for an escalation of the US-led war for regime change in Syria and a more direct confrontation
with Iranian and Russian forces has closely tracked the moves by the American government. The present situation is no exception.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">In recent days, <em><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Socialist Worker</span></em>, the website of the ISO, has prominently
featured an editorial published May 8 titled “Our socialism is international,” which concludes with an attack on opponents of the US intervention and Washington’s proxy forces in Syria, branding them apologists for the regime of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad.
The ISO has also reposted an article by Ashley Smith from August of 2016, at the height of the media propaganda blitz denouncing the Syrian government offensive against US-backed “rebels” in Aleppo, which makes similar arguments (see: <a href="http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2016/09/21/isos-s21.html"><b><span style="color:#445689;text-decoration:none">“International
Socialist Organization backs NATO escalation in Syria”</span></b></a> )<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">On May 1, <em><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Socialist Worker</span></em> published a commentary titled “The left can’t
be silent about Assad’s crimes.” The article attacked a piece published in <em><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Jacobin</span></em> under the headline “US Out of Syria.” <em><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Jacobin</span></em> has adopted
an eclectic position on the war, publishing articles both pro and con.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">The ISO felt all the more obliged to publicly reply to this article because <em><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Jacobin</span></em> is
co-hosting the ISO’s “Socialism 2018” conference in Chicago in July. <em><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Jacobin’s</span></em> publisher, Bhaskar Sunkara, is a former vice-chairman of the Democratic Socialists of America, with which the ISO appears
to be preparing some form of political regroupment.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:7.5pt;line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">The ISO is concerned that politically radicalized students and youth attracted to socialism are hostile to American
military interventions in Syria and elsewhere. The growth of anti-capitalist sentiment among young people coincides with a resurgence of the class struggle among teachers and other sections of workers, which is taking the form of an incipient rebellion against
the corporatist trade unions.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:7.5pt;line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">The ISO wants to ensure that any movement that emerges is subordinated to the agencies of American imperialism such
as the unions, the Democratic Party and the State Department.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">Its May 1 article begins by complaining that the <em><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Jacobin</span></em> article “provides
an analysis of the US government role in Syria that is at best misleading and at worst a compilation of dangerous conspiracy theories.” The authors criticize the <em><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Jacobin</span></em> article for “casting doubt
on the idea that the regime of Syrian dictator Bashar al-Assad used chemical weapons… With his arguments, Shupak [the author of the <em><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Jacobin</span></em> article] joins a section of the left that apologizes for
Syrian dictator Bashar al-Assad and the Russian and Iranian interventions that have propped him up. By taking this position, they ally themselves with forces that have worked to crush the Syrian revolution and the broader Arab Spring.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:7.5pt;line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">In other words, anything short of uncritical acceptance of US government claims about alleged crimes by the Syrian government
is tantamount to political support for Assad.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">This is a cynical and dishonest amalgam. The ISO is using a form of moral blackmail to stampede youth and workers appalled by the death
and destruction inflicted by the US in Syria into supporting the American intervention. “When the Syrian uprising began,” the authors write, “leftists had to make a choice—support a popular uprising or a murderous dictator. <em><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Sections
of the left reverted to old paradigms about US imperialism in the Middle East that were always incomplete and that certainly today no longer fit the context of the region</span></em>.” [Emphasis added]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:7.5pt;line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">Later on, they return to this theme, writing: “The question is simple. Which side are you on? Assad or the Syrian people
resisting his oppressive regime?”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:7.5pt;line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">This presentation of the situation in Syria and the broader Middle East is a travesty of history and socialist principles.
It completely accepts the fraudulent “human rights” framework that US imperialism has used for decades as the pretext to invade countries, overthrow governments and plunder entire regions in the Balkans, the Middle East, Central Asia and Africa.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:7.5pt;line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">What are these “old paradigms about US imperialism in the Middle East” that no longer apply? The ISO is arguing that
the long-established hostility of the left to American imperialism is outdated, that the American State Department, Pentagon and CIA can play a progressive and democratic role, and that “leftists” should support their global campaigns against Syria, Iran and
Russia.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h4 style="mso-margin-top-alt:15.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-line-height-alt:15.6pt">
<span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333;font-weight:normal">Has the role of American imperialism changed?<o:p></o:p></span></h4>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:7.5pt;line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">The ISO would have people believe that the war in Syria represents a new and unprecedented phenomenon. According to
it, “some on the left” have “mistakenly viewed the US as the main aggressor in Syria,” when in fact the US is “not pursuing regime change” and has essentially ceded the initiative in the region to Russia and Iran. According to the ISO, these latter states
are the principal actors, with the US consigned to the role of a second-rank player with no significant influence.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:7.5pt;line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">The narrative is absurd from beginning to end. In fact, the United States has a long history of disguising its aggressive
military interventions behind talk of defending democracy and human rights and supporting local “insurgencies” for this purpose.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:7.5pt;line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">The US launched the Korean War, which killed 5 million people, in an effort to strangle the Chinese Revolution, which
had triumphed the year before. It was supposedly waged to defend “freedom” against “communist totalitarianism.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:7.5pt;line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">Washington carried out the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba, using a mercenary force recruited by the CIA, in the name of
“democracy.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:7.5pt;line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">In Vietnam, the United States killed nearly 3.5 million Vietnamese for the supposed purpose of defending the “Free World”
against communist dictatorship.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:7.5pt;line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">Nor is the use of right-wing Islamist militias, for the most part linked to Al Qaeda, as US proxy forces peculiar to
Washington’s intervention in Syria. The CIA armed and funded the Mujahideen (whom Reagan called the moral equals of America’s founding fathers) to overthrow a pro-Soviet government in Afghanistan in the 1980s, giving rise to Al Qaeda, and it resorted to Al
Qaeda-linked Islamist forces to bring down and murder Gaddafi in Libya.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:7.5pt;line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">There is no essential difference between these criminal interventions and the US war to overthrow Assad and establish
a puppet regime in Syria.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:7.5pt;line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">Among the socialist principles jettisoned by the ISO is the distinction drawn by Marxists between oppressor nations
and oppressed nations. Syria is an oppressed nation, a former colony of France that has long been subject to subversion and intrigue by the United States. From the days of Marx through Lenin and Trotsky to the present, genuine socialists have not based their
attitude to military attacks by imperialist powers on oppressed nations on the democratic credentials of the governments of the targeted countries.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:7.5pt;line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">The Assad government, as the Iranian government and all of the governments in the Middle East, is a bourgeois regime.
It has run afoul of the United States not because it is repressive. Washington has no problem allying itself with and arming the Saudi oil sheiks and the bloody al-Sisi military dictatorship in Egypt. Assad has been targeted for regime change because he is
allied with Russia and Iran, and is therefore seen by the United States as an obstacle to its drive for hegemony over the oil-rich Middle East and the Eurasian continent that it borders.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:7.5pt;line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">It is the task of the Syrian working class to put an end to the rule of Assad by the methods of class struggle and international
socialist revolution, in opposition to both imperialism and the local ruling class, not in alliance with imperialism. Marxists do not contract out the struggle against the bourgeoisie anywhere to one or another imperialist power, all of which operate to subjugate,
exploit and plunder other countries as well as their “own” working class.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:7.5pt;line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">The ISO attacks the Marxist conception of imperialism. For Marxists, the term has an objective historical significance.
We continue to live in the epoch of imperialism.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:7.5pt;line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">Lenin defined imperialism as a definite stage in the historical development of capitalism—the highest stage. It was
and remains the epoch of wars and revolutions. Its essential features are the monopolization of the economy, the dominance of finance capital, and the carve-up of the entire planet by a handful of advanced countries. It signifies, in Lenin’s words, “reaction
all down the line.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:7.5pt;line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">On these scientific foundations, not moralistic phrases, Marxists determine their attitude to a given war. The central
issues are the class interests being pursued by the various camps, whether the countries involved are oppressor nations or oppressed nations, and what the real war aims are. These questions can be answered only by an examination of the historical background
and the international context in which the war has erupted.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:7.5pt;line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">The ISO says nothing about the historical context of the war being waged by the US and its NATO and regional allies
in Syria. In fact, the United States has been engaged in perpetual war for more than a quarter-century, since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Each of these wars has been justified on the basis of lies, most notoriously the fabrication of “weapons
of mass destruction” used as the pretext for the 2003 invasion of Iraq. In all these aggressive wars, the US has employed the propaganda technique of demonizing the leaders of the targeted countries—generally figures who had previously collaborated with Washington
in its predatory global activities.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:7.5pt;line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">The list includes Manuel Noriega of Panama (invaded in 1989), Saddam Hussein of Iraq (1991 and 2003), Mohamed Farrah
Aidid of Somalia (1992), Slobodan Milosevic of Serbia (1999), the Taliban of Afghanistan (2001), Muammar Gaddafi of Libya (2011) and now Bashar al-Assad of Syria. Most of these leaders have ended up imprisoned, dead or both, and there is no doubt that Assad
remains in the cross hairs of the US military today.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:7.5pt;line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">Moreover, the US has been intervening in Syria ever since France granted the country nominal independence in 1946, beginning
with the CIA-orchestrated ouster of the left bourgeois nationalist regime of Shukri al-Quwatly in March of 1949. In December of the same year, Adib Shishakli came to power in a coup organized with the support of the US. Indicative of the political types leading
the anti-Assad opposition today is the fact that Adib Shishakli’s grandson and namesake, Adib Shishakli, a right-wing businessman with close ties to the Saudi royal family, is a leading figure in that opposition.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:7.5pt;line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">The US has been working to destabilize and ultimately remove the Assad regime for more than 15 years. Despite Syria’s
collaboration with the US in the early days of the “war on terror,” Trump’s current national security adviser, John Bolton, then an undersecretary of state in the George W. Bush administration, gave a speech in 2002, “Beyond the Axis of Evil,” in which he
added three other countries—Syria, Libya and Cuba—to Bush’s list of Iraq, Iran and North Korea as countries most directly targeted by American imperialism.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:7.5pt;line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">Washington enacted the Syrian Accountability and Lebanese Sovereignty Restoration Act of 2003, which imposed sanctions
against the Assad regime. Following the 2005 assassination of the pro-US business tycoon and former prime minister of Lebanon Rafiq Hariri, which Washington immediately blamed on Assad, the US stepped up its offensive against Syria, forcing the withdrawal
of Syrian troops from Lebanon.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:7.5pt;line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">According to cables published by WikiLeaks, the US State Department provided $6 million to an Islamic group, the Movement
for Justice and Development. This funded the anti-Assad Barada TV and various subversive activities in Syria. The US also funneled $12 million into its Middle East Partnership Initiative between 2005 and 2010.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">In 2011, the Israeli newspaper <em><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Haaretz</span></em> published details of another US-inspired
plot against Syria. It reported that in 2008, the Saudi national security adviser and long-time ambassador to Washington, Prince Bandar bin Sultan, and Jeffrey Feltman, a veteran US diplomat in the Middle East and assistant secretary of state for Middle East
affairs, had hatched a $2 billion plot to destabilize Syria and overthrow the Assad regime.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:7.5pt;line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">By the time protests broke out against the Assad regime in March of 2011, the US had in place a far-flung and well-financed
infrastructure of CIA assets and émigré politicians to rapidly gain control and channel the opposition behind the intrigues of US imperialism and its regional allies Israel, Saudi Arabia and the other Sunni Gulf oil sheikdoms.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h4 style="mso-margin-top-alt:15.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-line-height-alt:15.6pt">
<span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333;font-weight:normal">Syria’s CIA-backed “democratic revolution”<o:p></o:p></span></h4>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:7.5pt;line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">Central to the ISO’s libel against opposition to the US intervention in Syria is the claim that the civil war in the
country is a “democratic revolution.” According to its fraudulent narrative, the US is not backing Islamist militias and the anti-Assad movement is a “genuine expression of popular outrage.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">The May 1 article is particularly incensed by the (correct) statement in <em><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Jacobin</span></em> that
“The CIA’s effort to oust the Syrian government has been one of the costliest covert-action programs in the agency’s history.” The ISO rejects this statement, though it makes no effort to refute the facts cited to back it up, including an article in the <em><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">New
York Times</span></em> noting that the CIA has spent $1 billion on its operations in Syria.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:7.5pt;line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">The ISO attempts to deny what is in fact undeniable—that the main forces arrayed against the Syrian government in Syria
are Islamist militias, the most active of which are linked to Al Qaeda. The partisans of this “revolution” vie with one another for money and arms from regional and imperialist powers, mainly the US. They include forces funneled into Syria from Libya, Russia,
Turkey and other countries by the CIA and allied Western intelligence agencies.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:7.5pt;line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">This so-called revolution has not produced a single programmatic document and has no internationally recognized spokespeople.
The ISO never seeks to define the class character of its “revolution.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:7.5pt;line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">The ISO does not choose to name the political leaders of its “revolution” because they are, virtually without exception,
tied to the US government and the governments of the other imperialist powers. The Syrian National Council, which was formed in the summer of 2011 and immediately presented by the American media as the legitimate leadership of the anti-Assad opposition, was
politically dominated by the Saudi- and Qatari-backed Muslim Brotherhood and led by émigré businessmen, lawyers and politicians with long ties to the US State Department, the CIA and the intelligence agencies of the European imperialist powers. Its initial
head was a wealthy Chicago-based lawyer.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h4 style="mso-margin-top-alt:15.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-line-height-alt:15.6pt">
<span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333;font-weight:normal">Agitating for a war it falsely claims to oppose<o:p></o:p></span></h4>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:7.5pt;line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">The ISO presents a grossly distorted account of the events in Syria so as to whitewash Washington’s responsibility for
the destruction of an entire society, including the killing and maiming of hundreds of thousands of people and transformation of millions more into homeless refugees. It seeks to legitimize the official US lie that the blame for this bloody catastrophe rests
entirely with Assad and his “imperialist” allies Russia and Iran. It slanders opponents of the US war as apologists for Assad and denounces the US government for failing to supply more advanced weapons to the Islamist militias that comprise the “rebels.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">Yet at the same time, talking out of both sides of its mouth, it claims to oppose the US intervention in the country. The authors of
the May 1 <em><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Socialist Worker</span></em> article write: “As revolutionary socialists, we recognize that US military intervention anywhere is against the interests of all working people. We agree that US intervention
in Syria and elsewhere should be opposed unequivocally.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">This is a brazen lie. Far from opposing US military intervention, the ISO has for years been campaigning for it to be expanded. The May
1 <em><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Socialist Worker</span></em> article restates the ISO’s oft repeated attack on both the Obama and Trump administrations for failing to supply the so-called “rebels” with sufficient arms, denouncing the government
for “denying them anti-aircraft weaponry that would be necessary to combat the regime’s air war.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">Just weeks before the April 14 missile strikes against Syria, Eric Ruder, a prominent member of the ISO and
<a href="http://socialistworker.org">socialistworker.org</a> writer, signed an open letter published in the <em><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">New York Review of Books</span></em> by some 200 “left” academics, writers and journalists under the
headline “The World Must Act Now on Syria.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">Issued in the midst of a coordinated propaganda campaign in the Western media over the Russian and Syrian government assault on anti-Assad
Islamist holdouts in the Damascus suburb of eastern Ghouta, the letter was an open appeal to the US and the other imperialist powers to launch a direct military intervention against the regime (see: “<a href="http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2018/03/02/letr-m02.html"><b><span style="color:#445689;text-decoration:none">A
new ‘left’ appeal for imperialist intervention in Syria</span></b></a>”). Less than seven weeks later, the US, Britain and France used the pretext of the alleged gas attack Douma in eastern Ghouta to launch their missile attack on Syrian facilities.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">In September of 2013, after the Obama administration pulled back from plans to bomb Syria, having blamed the Assad government for an
alleged sarin gas attack in eastern Ghouta without producing any proof of its involvement in the event, the ISO issued an apoplectic denunciation of Washington’s failure to implement its war plans. <em><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Socialist</span></em> <em><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Worker</span></em> published
a rant by Michael Karadjis of the Socialist Alliance in Australia. It said, in part:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">“Terrified of popular revolution, throughout these two-and-a-half years, the US and especially Israel have happily watched the slaughter,
and despite hypocritical whining about the regime, the US has made sure to <em><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">not send a single gun or bullet</span></em> to the armed opposition up to now… [A]verage Syrians would gladly see a US attack if the
US destroyed the ‘conventional’ weapons of mass destruction that Assad has used against them for the last two-and-a-half years… In fact, the idea that the US had ever wanted to intervene at all, including in this current crisis, is, in my opinion, also largely
a grand delusion of Western left thinking.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:7.5pt;line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">After the US missile attack on Syrian air bases in April of 2017, the ISO published an article by Joseph Daher and Frieda
Afary denouncing the attack for not going far enough. They wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:7.5pt;line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">“However, at this point, we can say that this strike, which was announced in advance to the Russian government, does
not indicate any strategic change in US policy concerning the future of Syria or the Assad regime… Clearly, no peaceful and just solution in Syria can be reached with Bashar al-Assad and his clique in power. He is the biggest criminal in Syria and must be
prosecuted for his crimes instead of being legitimized by international and regional imperialist powers.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:7.5pt;line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">The upcoming “Socialism 2018” conference will take place in the context of a deepening global geopolitical, economic
and social crisis; a widening war in the Middle East and a growing danger of world war; and an unprecedented political crisis in the United States, the center of world imperialism. This crisis is being immensely intensified by the revival of the class struggle
internationally and in the United States.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:7.5pt;line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">The bourgeoisie is terrified of the implications of a new period of working-class struggle, under conditions where their
main instruments for suppressing the class struggle in the US, the trade unions and the Democratic Party, are losing any credibility in the eyes of working people and youth.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:7.5pt;line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">The ISO, notwithstanding its socialist pretensions and rhetoric, is a critical part of the bourgeois political establishment
in America. Its function is to provide a left face for sections of the foreign policy establishment, primarily those affiliated with the Democratic Party. Above all, it functions as a mechanism for the AFL-CIO, the Democratic Party and the State Department
to seek to control oppositional movements in the US.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:7.5pt;line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">Those who attend the ISO conference in July should be aware of the organization’s pro-war record and oppose attempts
to direct growing left-wing sentiment behind American imperialism.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:16.3pt"><em><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">The author also recommends:</span></em><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333"><a href="http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2013/09/19/lect-s19.html"><b><span style="color:#445689;text-decoration:none">US imperialism
and the proxy war in Syria<br>
</span></b></a>[19 September 2013]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style="margin-top:15.0pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333"><a href="https://www.wsws.org/donate/?pk_campaign=appeal&pk_kwd=article" target="_blank"><span style="color:#445689;text-decoration:none"><img border="0" width="490" id="_x0000_i1025" src="http://www.wsws.org/en/media/photos/legacy/frontpage/201802appeal490.png"></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div>
<h3 style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-line-height-alt:12.0pt;background:#D8F0F8">
<span style="font-size:16.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue",serif;color:black">Fight Google's censorship!<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:16.3pt;background:#D8F0F8"><span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue",serif;color:#333333">Google is blocking the <em><span style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue",serif">World Socialist Web Site</span></em>from
search results.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:15.0pt;line-height:16.3pt;background:#D8F0F8">
<span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue",serif;color:#333333">To fight this blacklisting:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h4 style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:15.6pt;background:#D8F0F8">
<span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue",serif;color:black">Share this article with friends and coworkers<o:p></o:p></span></h4>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:16.3pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;background:#D8F0F8">
<![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;color:#333333"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333"><a href="https://facebook.com/sharer.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsws.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2F2018%2F05%2F16%2Fsyri-m16.html&t=The%20ISO%20and%20the%20imperialist%20politics%20of%20the%20pseudo-left%20-%20World%20Socialist%20Web%20Site" target="_blank"><span style="color:black;text-decoration:none">Facebook</span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:16.3pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;background:#D8F0F8">
<![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;color:#333333"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333"><a href="https://twitter.com/home?status=The%20ISO%20and%20the%20imperialist%20politics%20of%20the%20pseudo-left%20-%20World%20Socialist%20Web%20Site:%20http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsws.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2F2018%2F05%2F16%2Fsyri-m16.html" target="_blank"><span style="color:black;text-decoration:none"> Twitter</span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:16.3pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;background:#D8F0F8">
<![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;color:#333333"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333"><a href="http://www.wsws.org/en/special/sendlink.html?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsws.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2F2018%2F05%2F16%2Fsyri-m16.html&t=The%20ISO%20and%20the%20imperialist%20politics%20of%20the%20pseudo-left" target="_blank"><span style="color:black;text-decoration:none"> E-Mail</span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:16.3pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;background:#D8F0F8">
<![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;color:#333333"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333"><a href="https://reddit.com/submit?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsws.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2F2018%2F05%2F16%2Fsyri-m16.html&title=The%20ISO%20and%20the%20imperialist%20politics%20of%20the%20pseudo-left%20-%20World%20Socialist%20Web%20Site" target="_blank"><span style="color:black;text-decoration:none"> Reddit</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:7.5pt;line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div id="commenting-rules">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right;line-height:16.3pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333"><a href="http://www.wsws.org/en/special/commenting.html"><b><span style="color:#445689;text-decoration:none">Commenting
Discussion Rules »</span></b></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>