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Keywords 111018</div>
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A review of some terms useful in political analysis & polemics</div>
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> charlatan, heresy, heretic </div>
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char·la·tan (shär′lə-tən) n.</div>
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A person who makes elaborate, fraudulent, and often voluble claims to skill or knowledge; a quack or fraud.</div>
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[French, from Italian ciarlatano, probably alteration (influenced by ciarlare, to prattle) of cerretano, inhabitant of Cerreto, a city of Italy once famous for its quacks.]</div>
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char′la·tan′ic (-tăn′ĭk), char′la·tan′i·cal adj.</div>
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char′la·tan·ism, char′la·tan·ry n.</div>
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American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.</div>
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charlatan (ˈʃɑːlətən) n.</div>
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someone who professes knowledge or expertise, esp in medicine, that he or she does not have; quack</div>
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[C17: from French, from Italian ciarlatano, from ciarlare to chatter]</div>
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ˈcharlatanˌism, ˈcharlatanry n</div>
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ˌcharlatanˈistic adj</div>
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Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014</div>
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char•la•tan (ˈʃɑr lə tn) n.</div>
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a person who pretends to special knowledge or skill that he or she does not possess; quack; fraud. [1595–1605; < Middle French < Italian ciarlatano, b. ciarlatore chatterer and cerretano hawker, quack, literally, native of Cerreto a village in Umbria]</div>
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char′la•tan•ism, char′la•tan•ry, n.</div>
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Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary, © 2010 K Dictionaries Ltd. Copyright 2005, 1997, 1991 by Random House, Inc. All rights reserved.</div>
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<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 29.4px; line-height: normal; -webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">her·e·sy</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""> (hĕr′ĭ-sē)</span><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">
</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><i class="">n.</i>
<i class="">pl.</i> <b class="">her·e·sies</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><b class="">1.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><b class="">a.
</b>An opinion or a doctrine at variance with established religious beliefs, especially dissension from or denial of Roman Catholic dogma by a professed believer or baptized church member.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><b class="">b.
</b>Adherence to such dissenting opinion or doctrine.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><b class="">2.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><b class="">a.
</b>A controversial or unorthodox opinion or doctrine, as in politics, philosophy, or science.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><b class="">b.
</b>Adherence to such controversial or unorthodox opinion.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">[Middle English
</span><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Courier; -webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">heresie</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">, from Old French,
from Late Latin </span><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Courier; -webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">haeresis</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">,
from Late Greek </span><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Courier; -webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">hairesis</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">,
from Greek, <i class="">a choosing, faction</i>, from </span><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Courier; -webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">haireisthai</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">,
<i class="">to choose</i>, middle voice of </span><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Courier; -webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">hairein</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">,
<i class="">to take</i>.]</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.
All rights reserved.</span></div>
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<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 29.4px; line-height: normal; -webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248);" class="">heresy</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #f8f8f8" class=""> (ˈhɛrəsɪ)</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #f8f8f8" class=""><i class="">n</i>,
<i class="">pl</i> <b class="">-sies</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #f8f8f8" class=""><b class="">1.
</b>(Theology)</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #f8f8f8" class=""><b class="">a.
</b>an opinion or doctrine contrary to the orthodox tenets of a religious body or church</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #f8f8f8" class=""><b class="">b.
</b>the act of maintaining such an opinion or doctrine</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #f8f8f8" class=""><b class="">2.
</b>any opinion or belief that is or is thought to be contrary to official or established theory</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #f8f8f8" class=""><b class="">3.
</b>belief in or adherence to unorthodox opinion</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #f8f8f8" class="">[C13: from Old French
<i class="">eresie,</i> from Late Latin <i class="">haeresis,</i> from Latin: sect, from Greek
<i class="">hairesis</i> a choosing, from <i class="">hairein</i> to choose]</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014</span></div>
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<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 27.4px; line-height: normal; -webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">her·e·tic</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""> (hĕr′ĭ-tĭk)</span><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">
</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><i class="">n.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">A person who holds controversial opinions, especially one who publicly dissents from the officially accepted dogma of the Roman Catholic Church.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><i class="">adj.</i></span><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">
</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">Heretical.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">[Middle English
</span><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Courier; -webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">heretik</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">, from Old French
</span><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Courier; -webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">heretique</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">, from Late
Latin </span><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Courier; -webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">haereticus</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">, from
Greek </span><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Courier; -webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">hairetikos</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">,
<i class="">able to choose, factious</i>, from </span><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Courier; -webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">hairetos</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">,
<i class="">chosen</i>, from </span><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Courier; -webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">haireisthai</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">,
<i class="">to choose</i>; see <b class="">heresy</b>.]</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none" class="">American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.</span></div>
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<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 27.4px; line-height: normal; -webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248);" class="">heretic</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #f8f8f8" class=""> (ˈhɛrətɪk)</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #f8f8f8" class=""><i class="">n</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #f8f8f8" class=""><b class="">1.
</b>(Roman Catholic Church) <i class="">chiefly</i> <i class="">RC Church</i> a person who maintains beliefs contrary to the established teachings of the Church</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #f8f8f8" class=""><b class="">2.
</b>a person who holds unorthodox opinions in any field</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #f8f8f8" class=""><b class="">heretical</b>
<i class="">adj</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #f8f8f8" class=""><b class="">heˈretically</b>
<i class="">adv</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014</span></div>
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<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 27.4px; line-height: normal; -webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">her•e•tic</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""> (ˈhɛr ɪ tɪk;
<i class="">adj. also </i>həˈrɛt ɪk) </span><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">
</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><i class="">n.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><b class="">1.
</b>a professed believer who maintains religious beliefs contrary to those accepted by his or her church.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><b class="">2.
</b>a professed believer who willfully and persistently rejects any part of the doctrine of his or her church.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><b class="">3.
</b>anyone who does not conform to an established view, doctrine, or principle.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><i class="">adj.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none; color: #404040; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><b class="">4.
</b><a href="https://www.thefreedictionary.com/heretical" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #2484c6" class=""><b class="">heretical.</b></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">[1300–50; Middle English < Middle French
<i class="">heretique</i> < Late Latin <i class="">haereticus</i> < Greek <i class="">
hairetikós</i> able to choose (Late Greek: heretical), derivative of <i class="">
hairet(ós)</i> that may be taken, v. adj. of <i class="">haireîn</i> to choose]</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary, © 2010 K Dictionaries Ltd. Copyright 2005, 1997, 1991 by Random House, Inc. All rights reserved.</span></div>
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> How to deal with heretics, by the official philosopher-theologian of the Roman Catholic Church: </div>
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St. Thomas Aquinas, <i class="">On Law, Morality and Politics</i> (Hackett Pub. Co., 1988), pp. 255-257: “Ought Heretics to be Tolerated?” [From
<i class="">Summa Theologiae</i>, II,II, Quotation 11: “Of Heresy,” Article III, as translated by the Dominican Fathers and excerpted by William P. Baumgarth & Richard J. Regan, S.J., eds.]</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"></span>—> Endorses a sort of “three strikes” procedure before rendition of persistent heretics to the secular authorities, who were to carry out the actual killing in the auto-da-fe (“Act of the faith”),
usually by burning at the stake but sometimes only in effigy. (Full-scale burnings were public spectacles. difficult to organize & expensive to carry out. Sometimes they lost money.) </div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"></span>See Henry Kamen, <i class="">
The Spanish Inquisition</i> (New American Library, 1965, 339 pp.). The revised fourth edition is available in paperback from Amazon.</div>
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“We weren’t expecting the Spanish Inquisition!” — Monty Python</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"></span>[ NOBODY expects the Spanish Inquisition! ]</div>
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