[Peace-discuss] World economic crisis
C. G. Estabrook
galliher at illinois.edu
Sat Mar 28 20:22:02 CDT 2009
[The Obama administration, as was only to be expected, is pursuing the same
policies as its predecessor in war and finance, but more vigorously and
ruthlessly. The next few weeks will see major demonstrations against them
around the world, but not I think in the US, where consent has been successfully
manufactured. --CGE]
Reform is needed. Reform is in the air. We can't afford to fail
The task is to build a new financial architecture. If we flunk it, the pain will
strike most cruelly in the world's poorest countries
o Joseph Stiglitz
o The Guardian, Friday 27 March 2009
The financial crisis that began in America's sub-prime mortgage market has now
become a global recession – with growth projected to be a negative 1.5%, the
worst performance since the Great Depression. Even countries that had done
everything right are seeing marked declines in growth rates, and even deep
recessions. And much of the most acute pain will be felt by developing countries.
A UN commission of experts on reforms of the international monetary and
financial system, which I chair, has just published its preliminary report. It
focuses especially on the impact of the crisis on developing countries and the
poor everywhere, which is likely to be severe. An estimated 30 million more
people will be unemployed in 2009 compared to 2007. The increase could even
reach 50 million. Progress in reducing poverty may be halted. The report warns
that: "Some 200 million people, mostly in developing economies, could be pushed
into poverty if rapid action is not taken to counter the impact of the crisis."
While this is a global crisis, responses are undertaken by national
governments, who quite naturally look after their own citizens' interest
first. Particularly invidious are protectionist measures, such as the US
"buy America" provision in its stimulus package. In fact, the World Bank
reports that 17 of the group of 20 countries have engaged in protectionist
measures, after making a commitment not to do so in their meeting in Washington
in November. By focusing on national, as opposed to global impacts, the global
stimulus will be less – and the global recovery weakened.
While there is a consensus that all countries should undertake strong
fiscal stimulus measures, many developing countries do not have the
resources, and it calls for a concerted approach for additional funding,
both for spending and liquidity support for countries and corporations in
developing countries that are strained by the current credit crunch.
Developed countries should contribute 1% of stimulus spending; there should be
an immediate issue of special drawing rights (SDRs), the "IMF money" that can be
used especially to help those facing difficulties, and an expansion of regional
efforts, such as the Chang Mai initiative in Asia.
It is important that any assistance be provided without the usual strings.
Conditions such as those which force developing countries to contract
spending and raise interest rates are counterproductive: the intent of the
assistance is to help them expand their economies, thereby assisting the
global recovery. Deficiencies in current institutional arrangements for
disbursing funds – for example, through the IMF – have long been noted, but the
reforms so far are insufficient. Countries with funds are often reluctant to
give money to institutions in which they have little voice, and which have
advocated policies that they do not support; and countries are often reluctant
to borrow, given the stigma associated with turning to these institutions. The
commission urges the creation of a new credit facility, in which the voice of
the new providers of finance and the borrowers are both better heard.
There are several important lessons to be learned from the crisis. One is
that there is a need for better regulation. But reforms cannot be just
cosmetic, and they have to go beyond the financial sector. Inadequate
enforcement of competition laws has allowed banks to grow to be too big to fail.
Inadequate corporate governance resulted in incentive schemes that led to
excessive risk taking and short sighted behavior, which did not even serve
shareholders well.
The Commission recommends the establishment of a Global Economic
Coordinating Council, not only to co-ordinate economic policy, but to assess the
economic situation, identify gaps in the global institutional arrangement, and
propose solutions. For instance, there is a need for a Global Financial
Regulatory Authority – without which there is a risk of regulatory arbitrage,
undermining regulation, and creating a race to the bottom. There is a need for a
Global Competition Authority – markets are global in scale. There is a need for
a better way of handling defaults of countries, of which there may be several in
this crisis. And there is a need for better ways of managing the many risks that
developing countries face, especially with debt and capital account management.
The other important commission recommendation concerns the creation of a new
global reserve system. The existing system, with the US dollar as reserve
currency, is fraying. The dollar has been volatile. There are increasing worries
about future inflationary risks. At the same time,
putting so much money aside every year to protect countries against the
risks of global instability creates a downward bias in – aggregate demand –
weakening the global economy. Moreover, the system has the peculiar property
that poor countries are lending trillions of dollars to the US, at essentially
zero interest rate, while within their country there are so many needs to which
the money could be put. The Commission argues that a new Global Reserve System
is "feasible, non-inflationary, and could be easily implemented".
After the East Asia crisis, there was much talk of reform, of a new global
financial architecture. But there was just talk; as the global economy
recovered, the impetus for reform faded. This is a more severe crisis. It
will last longer. Hopefully, this time, we learn our lesson.
• Joseph E Stiglitz is university professor at Columbia University, chairman of
the UN Commission of Experts on Reforms of the International Monetary and
Financial System and recipient of the 2001 Nobel Prize in Economics
josephstiglitz.com
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