[Peace-discuss] Fwd: [recovery_human_face] DO I REGRET THE DEMISE OF THE WTO? By Walden Bello

Tue Nov 12 16:56:11 UTC 2019

Dear friends,
The English original of my article in the German periodical Welt-Sichten, Nov 7, 2019
By Walden Bello
State University of New York at Binghamton and Focus on the Global South

<https://www.welt-sichten.org/artikel/36918/die-wto-ist-tot-na-und?fbclid=IwAR307ivXf6Tks2YKudr6IGdt7TC3J925--l2cvOg9aHFj010S00Z3dJ5-VA>
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Die WTO ist tot – na und? | Welt-Sichten<https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.welt-sichten.org%2Fartikel%2F36918%2Fdie-wto-ist-tot-na-und%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR2UmgP_EjnY1nC1055Cq_BXWloN5gfmIDy46lV0ZEtD6pjBFvHiJQPS5Ik&h=AT3xcQdTSkHvD1XbdpCtpeYy_ndxmSEfFI2l48YlKH5vc0CR1zj_zw3uv7nO_cEAfsZdHldI8tT9pbkiC4J2gRrZbs59MELr_qysKhxu2vZmQNeTc7YoUURRJ3KGJDEV6mxqGi5TA5szorlFk7bAlaSuULE>

https://www.welt-sichten.org/artikel/36918/die-wto-ist-tot-na-und
Do I regret the demise of the World Trade Organization now that Trump is on a unilateral trade rampage? No. I always saw the WTO and unilateralism as two faces of US power deployed against those countries seeking to remake the world trading order in a more equitable and just direction.
Multilateralism and unilateralism have since the end of the Second World War been alternative strategies for global hegemony preferred by competing factions of the US ruling elite. The Democrats preferred multilateralism because they felt it would both institutionalize the US’s hegemonic status in the world trading order at the same time that it would make it more legitimate because it would obtain the consent of its allies. Republicans, however, felt that the exercise of US power should be as little constrained by global rules and institutions as possible.
These two views clashed head on in 1948 during the debate over the ratification of the Havana Charter, which would have established the International Trade Organization (ITO). After having participated in the negotiations, the Democratic administration of President Truman did not submit it to the Senate for ratification, worried that the Republicans would successfully block it. The Republicans argued that ratifying the Havana Charter would be unconstitutional since no legal code could stand above the US Constitution, and that a treaty governing trade would do precisely that.
Republicans and Democrats agreed to a compromise: the much weaker General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which had little checks on US trade practices and did not bring under its ambit global agricultural trade that US corporations dominated. With trade making up only a small part of US gross domestic product (GDP), the US was not worried about the absence of strong rules on global trade and felt these would only harm the bottom line of its emerging transnational corporations.
Paradoxically, GATT allowed the rise of a number of formerly minor trading countries into major actors in global trade, which would not have been possible within an iron-clad free trade regime. These were mainly economies from East Asia like South Korea, Taiwan, and Malaysia that engaged in aggressive export policies while building up manufacturing industries protected by high tariffs and import quotas. At the same time, by the 1970’s and 1980’s, trade accounted for a greater part of US GDP than in the late forties and US corporations wanted less restrictions in their penetration of foreign markets.
So Washington changed its mind in the 1980’s and both Republicans and Democrats agreed to push for a strengthened global trade regime. The US was confident that it would benefit mainly its corporations which it saw as the most competitive in the world. The European Union decided to join the bandwagon for a strengthened international trade regime mainly because, like Washington, it wanted to dump its massive agricultural surpluses on developing countries. Leading industries in Europe, the US, and Japan, like the auto and information industries, also had a joint interest in preventing the emergence of new competitors from East and Southeast Asia by making the latter’s liberal acquisition of complex technologies—dubbed “intellectual piracy”-- a violation of trade rules.
The result was the World Trade Organization, which came into being in 1995. The WTO, from the perspective of US interests, was a set of rules and institutions that would promote, consolidate, and legitimize structures of global trade ensuring the hegemony of US interests.
While free trade was the rhetoric of the WTO, the achievement of monopoly was actually the aim of the WTO’s three most important agreements. The Agreement on Agriculture (AOA) institutionalized the dumping of US and European surpluses on developing countries by forcing the latter to end their import quotas and lower their tariffs. The Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights Agreement (TRIPs) sought to institutionalize US corporations’ monopoly of high technology by outlawing reverse engineering and other methods used by developing countries to get universal access to knowledge. The Trade Related Investment Measures Agreement (TRIMs) sought to prevent countries from imitating Japan, South Korea, and Malaysia and using trade policy, like reducing imported inputs into finished goods in favor of local inputs, to build up industries that became significant competitors both in local and global markets.
Then, in 2003, with the heft provided by India, Brazil, and China (a WTO member since 2001), the developing countries in the WTO were able to prevent the US and EU’s attempt to dismantle government protection of small farmers. They foiled attempts to tighten the already very restrictive TRIPs Agreement, and prevented the joint US-EU attempt to bring investment, government procurement, and competition policy under the ambit of the WTO. Following this, the US abandoned the multilateral route. After the Fifth Ministerial of the WTO collapsed in Cancun in 2003, the Republican Bush administration’s Special Trade Representative Robert Zoellick warned: “As the WTO members ponder the future, the U.S. will not wait: we will move towards free trade with can-do countries.”
Over the next few years, the US and the EU preferred to put their efforts into forging bilateral trade agreements or limited multilateral agreements like the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) that was the fallback position favored by the Obama administration. So Trump did not initiate the move back to unilateralism; he merely brought to its climax, with his trade war with China, a swing back to unilateralism that had begun with the George W. Bush administration in 2003.
The result, the current global trading system, is a hodge-podge featuring a weakened WTO, failed trade agreements like the TPP, stalemated or slow-moving negotiations like the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), developing country trade arrangements like Mercosur, bilateral treaties like the South Korea-US free trade agreement, and non-institutionalized bilateral and unilateral initiatives. This may, in fact, be the least undesirable of outcomes. For many developing countries, the era of the weak GATT regime from 1948 to 1995 was a dynamic era that left them a lot of development space owing to the lack of pressure for them to open up their agricultural and manufacturing sectors, weak trade dispute mechanisms, and the absence of anti-development pro-developed country regimes like TRIPs.
Instead of the chaos that neoliberal ideologues warn us against, current conditions might, in fact, be moving in the direction of a hybrid GATT-like system that would hold out a larger space for efforts at genuine sustainable development by the global South.
*One of the principal actors in the Alter Globalization Movement, Walden Bello is the author of Deglobalization: Ideas for a New World Economy (Zed, 2000) and Revisiting and Reclaiming Deglobalization (Focus on the Global South, 2019). He has also recently written on the global financial crisis (Paper Dragons: China and the Next Crash, Zed, 2019) and the rise of counterrevolutionary movements (Counterrevolution: The Global Rise of the Right, Practical Action, 2019).
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