[Peace-discuss] [Peace] Why Trump must go: he threatens not to continue US war provocations v. Russia and China

Boyle, Francis A fboyle at illinois.edu
Mon Jul 17 02:16:52 UTC 2017


As a matter of fact, I spent a lot of time at the History Department. I offered Russian History on my PHD Oral/General Exams with Ned Keenan as my Examiner in Russian History. Ned was the leading Professor of Russian History at Harvard for a generation. RIP. He recommended me for my law professorship. Fab.
POEMS AGAINST THE EMPIRE


by
Francis A. Boyle






















© Copyright 2017 by Francis A. Boyle. All rights reserved.












“And those who have chosen the portion of injustice, and tyranny and violence shall pass into wolves or into hawks and kits—whither else shall we suppose them to go?” ---Socrates

“To describe their character in a word, one might truly say that they were born into the world to take no rest themselves and to give none to others.” ---Thucydides

 
FOREWORD
	When I was a Senior in high school during the 1967-1968 academic year, I wrote poetry in Latin. The next year I entered college in order to study math and science and the liberal arts. Since my Father was a lawyer, I knew I could study whatever I wanted to in college and still go to law school afterwards. For the next ten years (1968-1978) I was a student at the University of Chicago and Harvard. I started as a tenure-track Assistant Professor of Law at the University of Illinois College of Law on August 21, 1978. In 2010 I was appointed a Professor in the Unit for Criticism and Interpretive Theory in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences at the University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign. So after a forty-two year hiatus, I decided to return to writing poetry. Better late than never!
	Poetry, Love, Music, and Art always stand against any empire. Because of my strident opposition to the Vietnam War, I decided to fight the American empire at the end of May 1967 soon after I had turned seventeen. I knew there would be more Vietnams and I intended to stop them! Set forth below are my poetic reflections upon the last fifty years of doing precisely that and more.
F.A.B.









 
Francis A. Boyle (far left) on the floor of the International Court of Justice on 1 April 1993, squaring off against his adversary Shabtai Rosenne from Israel (far right) representing Yugoslavia, just before he argued and then won the first of his two World Court Orders overwhelmingly in favor of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina against Yugoslavia to cease and desist from committing all acts of genocide in violation of the 1948 Genocide Convention on April 8, 1993 and then again on September 13, 1993. This was the first time ever that any Government or Lawyer had won two such Orders in one case since the World Court was founded in 1921. On August 5, 1993, he also won an Article 74(4) Order from the World Court to the same effect. Under Article 74(4) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, when the Full Court is not in Session, the President of the Court exercises the Full Powers of the Court and can issue an Order that is binding upon the states parties in a case.






ABOUT THE AUTHOR
	Francis A. Boyle is a Professor of Law at the University of Illinois College of Law and also a Professor in the Unit for Criticism and Interpretive Theory in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences at the University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign. He holds a J.D. magna cum laude from Harvard Law School and an A.M. and Ph.D. in Political Science from the Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Government. He was an Associate at Harvard’s Center for International Affairs and a Teaching Fellow in the Harvard College. He also practiced law with the Boston firm of Bingham, Dana & Gould doing primarily international tax and tax with some corporate transactions work. He currently teaches courses on International Law, International Human Rights Law, the Constitutional Law of U.S. Foreign Affairs, and Jurisprudence, having previously taught courses on Criminal Law, International Organizations, Latinos and the Law, and World Politics and International Law.
He was the Parhad Lecturer at the Faculty of Medicine for the University of Calgary in Canada in 2001. He was the Bertrand Russell Peace Lecturer at McMaster University in Canada in 2007. He has written 20 books dealing with world politics, international law, human rights, American foreign policy, the Middle East, Iraq, Bosnia, Ireland, Puerto Rico, Native Hawaiians, Tamils, Palestine, Libya, defending civil and G.I. resistors, nuclear weapons, biological warfare, etc. 
He drafted the U.S. domestic implementing legislation for the Biological Weapons Convention of 1972 known as the Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989 that was passed unanimously by both Houses of the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President George Bush Sr. He served on the Board of Directors of Amnesty International U.S.A for four years. He served as Legal Advisor to Chairman Yasser Arafat and the Palestine Liberation Organization on the Palestinian Declaration of Independence of November 15, 1988 and its creation of the State of Palestine that is now a United Nations Observer State. From 1991 to 1993 he served as Legal Advisor to the Palestinian Delegation to the Middle East Peace Negotiations and its Chair Dr. Haidar Abdul Shaffi who instructed him to draft the Palestinian counter-offer to the now defunct Oslo Agreement. 
In 1993 he represented the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina before the International Court of Justice where he won two World Court Orders overwhelmingly in favor of Bosnia against Yugoslavia to cease and desist from committing all acts of genocide in violation of the 1948 Genocide Convention. He also represented the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina at the Owen-Stoltenberg “Peace” Negotiations in Geneva in 1993 where he prevented Bosnia’s destruction as a State and saved its membership in the United Nations Organization. He was Attorney of Record for the Mothers of Srebrenica and Podrina before the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and secured the indictment of Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosevic for every crime in the I.C.T.Y. Statute including two counts of genocide: one for Srebrenica and the second for Bosnia in general. He started the Divestment/Disinvestment Campaign against Israel in 2000 and became D in the Palestinian BDS Campaign in 2005.
 
INDEX TO POEMS


Francis A. Boyle
Law Building
504 E. Pennsylvania Ave.
Champaign IL 61820 USA
217-333-7954 (phone)
217-244-1478 (fax)
(personal comments only)


-----Original Message-----
From: Carl G. Estabrook [mailto:galliher at illinois.edu] 
Sent: Sunday, July 16, 2017 7:13 PM
To: Boyle, Francis A <fboyle at illinois.edu>
Cc: prairiegreens at lists.chambana.net; Peace Discuss <peace-discuss at anti-war.net>
Subject: Re: [Peace] Why Trump must go: he threatens not to continue US war provocations v. Russia and China

You should have come over to the History Department. As we say on News form Neptune, the poets often get there first.


> On Jul 16, 2017, at 6:58 PM, Boyle, Francis A <fboyle at illinois.edu> wrote:
> 
> I spent ten years (1968-1978) studying Philosophy, Jurisprudence and Political Philosophy at the University of Chicago, Harvard Law School and the Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences where I got my PHD in Political Science--the No. 1 Ranked Program in the country. My PHD Examiner in Political Philosophy was Judith Shklar. Not one professor I ever had dismissed Machiavelli's The Prince as a "joke" or a "parody." Fab.
> 
> Francis A. Boyle
> Law Building
> 504 E. Pennsylvania Ave.
> Champaign IL 61820 USA
> 217-333-7954 (phone)
> 217-244-1478 (fax)
> (personal comments only)
> 
> 
> -----Original Message-----
> From: Carl G. Estabrook [mailto:galliher at illinois.edu]
> Sent: Sunday, July 16, 2017 6:53 PM
> To: Boyle, Francis A <fboyle at illinois.edu>
> Cc: prairiegreens at lists.chambana.net; Peace Discuss 
> <peace-discuss at anti-war.net>
> Subject: Re: [Peace] Why Trump must go: he threatens not to continue 
> US war provocations v. Russia and China
> 
> Probably worthwhile to point out that they’ve been taken in by a murderous joke. Cf. ‘The Great Dictator’ (1940).
> 
> ‘...among all the manuscripts of The Prince dating from Machiavelli's 
> life-time (and it seems to have had a considerable circulation and to 
> have been multiplied by professional copyists), we have never found 
> the copy which should have had the best chance of preservation - I 
> mean that copy, beautifully lettered on vellum and richly bound, 
> presented with its dedication to the Medici prince. Not only is it 
> absent from the Laurentian library now, there is no trace that it was 
> ever there. There is no evidence that it ever existed. Probably 
> Machiavelli figured that the joke was not worth the extra expense.” 
> [G. Mattingly]
> 
> 
>> On Jul 16, 2017, at 6:46 PM, Boyle, Francis A <fboyle at illinois.edu> wrote:
>> 
>> That is irrelevant to my argument. All Straussians have been educated to take Machiavelli's The Prince quite seriously--and they do and they apply it.  fab.
>> 
>> Francis A. Boyle
>> Law Building
>> 504 E. Pennsylvania Ave.
>> Champaign IL 61820 USA
>> 217-333-7954 (phone)
>> 217-244-1478 (fax)
>> (personal comments only)
>> 
>> 
>> -----Original Message-----
>> From: Carl G. Estabrook [mailto:galliher at illinois.edu]
>> Sent: Sunday, July 16, 2017 6:42 PM
>> To: Boyle, Francis A <fboyle at illinois.edu>
>> Cc: prairiegreens at lists.chambana.net; Peace Discuss 
>> <peace-discuss at anti-war.net>
>> Subject: Re: [Peace] Why Trump must go: he threatens not to continue 
>> US war provocations v. Russia and China
>> 
>> I’m sure he did. But I think Garrett Mattingly was probably the better historian.  
>> 
>> 
>>> On Jul 16, 2017, at 6:39 PM, Boyle, Francis A <fboyle at illinois.edu> wrote:
>>> 
>>> Well I studied Machiavelli with Strauss’s right-hand man, co-author and literary executor  of his Estate, Joseph Cropsey of Strauss and Cropsey. He took Machiavelli’s The Prince  quite seriously and taught it as such to all of his students at the University of Chicago. Fab.
>>> 
>>> Francis A. Boyle
>>> Law Building
>>> 504 E. Pennsylvania Ave.
>>> Champaign IL 61820 USA
>>> 217-333-7954 (phone)
>>> 217-244-1478 (fax)
>>> (personal comments only)
>>> 
>>> From: Carl G. Estabrook [mailto:galliher at illinois.edu]
>>> Sent: Sunday, July 16, 2017 6:33 PM
>>> To: Boyle, Francis A <fboyle at illinois.edu>
>>> Cc: prairiegreens at lists.chambana.net; Peace Discuss 
>>> <peace-discuss at anti-war.net>
>>> Subject: Re: [Peace] Why Trump must go: he threatens not to continue 
>>> US war provocations v. Russia and China
>>> 
>>> 1.) D in the BDS campaign (worth discussion on its own) stands for ‘divestment’ and doesn’t necessarily imply the ZFC ("Zionists are a Fifth Column for Israel”) theory. 
>>> It’s a campaign against Israel’s illegal occupations that says little about US policy - altho’ it’s true that Israel could not continue the occupations without US economic, diplomatic, and military support.  
>>> 
>>> 2.) Criticisms of Leo Strauss, Carl Schmitt, and the Federalist 
>>> Society are undoubtedly appropriate. (See e.g. Leo Strauss, 
>>> 'Thoughts on Machiavelli," 1958.)
>>> 
>>> 3.) It may however be historically inaccurate to call them 
>>> Machiavellian, except as the word has entered into popular political 
>>> parlance (especially English: 'Machiavel' had its present censorious 
>>> meaning in 16th century English, as “an intriguer and unscrupulous 
>>> schemer”; cf. 'Merry Wives of Windsor', 3.1: "Am I politic? am I 
>>> subtle? am I a Machiavel?”)
>>> 
>>> 4.) The work for which the accomplished scholar, historian and playwright Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527) is best known, 'The Prince', was probably a rather bitter satire on how ‘princes’ - despots - behaved, and not the instruction manual it’s been taken as: <http://www2.idehist.uu.se/distans/ilmh/Ren/flor-mach-mattingly.htm>.
>>> 
>>> 5.) It’s probably at least reductionist to call the US invasion of Iraq - the greatest crime of the century to date - "aggression against Iraq for the benefit of Israel.” The long-standing US goal of control of Mideast energy resources was clearly the object of the invasion. Control, not just access, to what the State Department called in 1945 “the world’s greatest material prize” is what the US demands; we import very little oil from the Mideast for domestic use; but control provides a choke-hold over competing economies from Germany to China.
>>> 
>>> 6.) Regarding attending  the U. of Chicago and other pillars of the 
>>> American educational establishment (including what Chomsky calls 
>>> “the academy for the passive and the obedient in Harvard Square”), 
>>> perhaps we should remember Ernesto Che Guevara's comment: "I envy 
>>> you North Americans. You live in the belly of the beast.” (Or, as 
>>> someone I knew said a half-century ago, "You have to be from 
>>> Scarsdale to know how bad it is.”)
>>> 
>>> —CGE
>>> 
>>> On Jul 16, 2017, at 3:54 PM, Boyle, Francis A <fboyle at illinois.edu> wrote:
>>> 
>>> I have been fighting Zionists all over the world  since I entered 
>>> the University of Chicago in 1968. Zionists are a Fifth Column for Israel wherever they live Fab.
>>> D in the Palestinian BDS Campaign…                     
>>> 
>>> 
>>> April 3, 2010 Saturday 9:07 AM EST
>>> LENGTH: 1826 words
>>> HEADLINE: Neo-Cons, Fundies, Feddies & Con-Artists: Bush to Obama
>>> BYLINE: Francis A Boyle
>>> 
>>> It is now a matter of public record that immediately after the 
>>> terrible tragedy of 11 September 2001, U.S. Secretary of War Donald 
>>> Rumsfeld and his pro-Israeli Neo-Conservative Deputy Paul Wolfowitz 
>>> began to plot, plan, scheme and conspire to wage a war of aggression 
>>> against Iraq by manipulating the tragic events of September 11th in 
>>> order to provide a pretext for doing so. Of course Iraq had nothing 
>>> at all to do with September 11th or supporting Al-Qaeda. But that 
>>> made no difference to Rumsfeld, Wolfowitz, their Undersecretary of War Douglas Feith, and the numerous other pro-Israeli Neo-Cons inhabiting the Bush Jr.
>>> administration.
>>> 
>>>  These pro-Israeli Neo-Cons had been schooled in the 
>>> Machiavellian/Hobbist/Nietzschean theories of Professor Leo Strauss 
>>> who taught political philosophy at the University of Chicago in its 
>>> Department of Political Science for many years. The best exposé of 
>>> Strauss's pernicious theories on law, politics, government, for 
>>> elitism, and against democracy can be found in two scholarly books by the Canadian Professor of Political Philosophy Shadia B.
>>> Drury: The Political Ideas of Leo Strauss (1988); Leo Strauss and 
>>> the American Right (1999). I entered the University of Chicago in 
>>> September of 1968 shortly after Strauss had retired. But I was 
>>> trained in Chicago's Political Science Department by Strauss's 
>>> foremost protégé, co-author, and later literary executor Joseph Cropsey.
>>> 
>>> Based upon my personal experience as an alumnus of Chicago's 
>>> Political Science Department (A.B., 1971, in Political Science), I 
>>> concur
>>> (NASDAQ:CNQR) completely with Professor Drury's devastating critique 
>>> of Strauss. I also agree with her penetrating analysis of the 
>>> degradation of the American political process that has been 
>>> inflicted by Chicago's Straussian Neo-Con cabal. Strauss was a 
>>> protégé of Nazi Law Professor Carl Schmitt, who justified every hideous atrocity that Hitler and the Nazis inflicted on anyone, including the Jews.
>>> Chicagos Neo-Cons are Neo-Nazis.
>>> The University of Chicago routinely trained me and innumerable other 
>>> students to become ruthless and unprincipled Machiavellians. That is 
>>> precisely why so many neophyte Neo-Con students gravitated towards 
>>> the University of Chicago or towards Chicago Alumni at other universities.
>>> Years later, the University of Chicago became the "brains" behind the Bush Jr.
>>> Empire and his Ashcroft Police State. Attorney General John Ashcroft 
>>> received his law degree from the Neo-Con University of Chicago Law 
>>> School in 1967. Many of his lawyers at the Bush Jr. Department of 
>>> Injustice were members of the right-wing, racist, bigoted, 
>>> reactionary, elitist, war-mongering, and totalitarian Federalist 
>>> Society (A.K.A.:"Feddies"), which originated in part at the Neo-Con 
>>> University of Chicago Law School. There Barack Obama would teach 
>>> constitutional law. Feddies wrote the USA Patriot Act (USAPA) I and 
>>> the draft for USAPA II, which constitute the blueprints for 
>>> establishing an American Police State. Meanwhile, the Department of 
>>> Injustice's own F.B.I. is still covering up the U.S. governmental 
>>> origins of the post 11 September 2001 anthrax attacks on Washington D.C. that enabled Ashcroft and his Feddies to stampede the U.S. Congress into passing USAPA I into law.
>>> 
>>> Integrally related to and overlapping with the Feddies are members 
>>> of the University of Chicago Law School Movement of 
>>> oeLaw-and-Kick-Them-in-the-Groin-Economics, which in turn was 
>>> founded upon the Market Fundamentalism of Milton Friedman, now 
>>> retired but long-time Professor of Economics at the University of Chicago.
>>> Friedman and his "Chicago Boys" have raped, robbed, looted, 
>>> plundered, and pillaged economies and their respective peoples all 
>>> over the developing world, especially People of Color, and now here 
>>> in the United States. This Chicago gang of academic con-artists and 
>>> charlatans are proponents of the Nazi Doctrine of "useless eaters"
>>> that was condemned by the Nuremberg Judgment (1946). Pursuant to 
>>> Friedman's philosophy of Market Fundamentalism, the "privatization"
>>> of Iraq and its Oil Industry are already underway for the primary 
>>> benefit of the U.S. energy companies (e.g., Halliburton
>>> (NYSE:HAL) , formerly under Bush Jr.s Vice President Dick Cheney) 
>>> that had already interpenetrated the Bush Jr. administration as well 
>>> as the Bush Family itself. Enron.
>>> 
>>> Although miseducated at Yale and Harvard Business School, the "Ivies" 
>>> proved to be too liberal for Bush Jr. and his fundamentalist 
>>> Christian supporters, whose pointman and spearcarrier in the Bush Jr.
>>> administration was Ashcroft, a Fundie himself. The Neo-Cons and the 
>>> Fundies contracted an "unholy alliance" in support of Bush Jr. For 
>>> their own different reasons, both gangs also worked hand-in-hand to 
>>> support Israel's genocidal Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, an internationally acknowledged war criminal.
>>> 
>>> According to his own public estimate and boast in a 26 February 2003 
>>> speech before the American Enterprise Institute (another 
>>> front-organization for Straussian Neo-Cons), President Bush Jr. 
>>> hired about 20 Straussians to occupy key positions in his 
>>> administration, intentionally taking offices where they could push 
>>> American foreign policy in favor of Israel and against its chosen 
>>> enemies such as Iraq, Iran, Syria, Lebanon, and the Palestinians. 
>>> Most of the Straussian Neo-Cons in the Bush Jr. administration and 
>>> elsewhere were and still are Israel-firsters: What is "good" for Israel is by definition "good"
>>> for the United States. Dual loyalties indeed. These same principles 
>>> hold true for the not-so-closet Neo-Cons in the Obama administration: e.g., Rahm Emanuel, Larry Summers, Elena Kagan, Dennis Ross, Cass Sunstein, etc.
>>> 
>>> In addition, it was the Chicago Straussian cabal of pro-Israeli 
>>> Neo-Cons who set up a special "intelligence" unit within the 
>>> Pentagon that was responsible for manufacturing many of the 
>>> bald-faced lies, deceptions, half-truths, and sheer propaganda that the Bush Jr.
>>> administration then disseminated to the lap-dog U.S. news media in 
>>> order to generate public support for a war of aggression against 
>>> Iraq for the benefit of Israel and in order to steal Iraq's oil. To 
>>> paraphrase advice Machiavelli once rendered to his Prince in Chapter 
>>> XVIII of that book: Those who want to deceive will always find those 
>>> willing to be deceived. As I can attest from my personal experience 
>>> as an alumnus of the University of Chicago Department of Political 
>>> Science, the Bible of Chicago's Neo-Con Straussian cabal is Machiavelli's The Prince. We students had to know our Machiavelli by heart and rote at the University of Chicago.
>>> 
>>> As for the University of Chicago overall, its New Testament is Allan 
>>> Bloom's The Closing of the American Mind (1987). Of course Bloom was 
>>> another protégé of Strauss (and thus the intellectual grandson of 
>>> Nazi Law Professor Carl Schmitt), as well as a mentor to Wolfowitz.
>>> In his Bloom-biographical novel Ravelstein
>>> (2000) Saul Bellow, longtime member of the University of Chicago 
>>> Faculty, outed his self-styled friend Bloom as a hedonist, pederast, 
>>> and most promiscuous homosexual who died of AIDS. All this was 
>>> common knowledge at the University of Chicago, where Bloom was and 
>>> is still worshiped on a pedestal and his elitist screed against democratic education in America still revered as gospel truth.
>>> 
>>> In Ravelstein Wolfowitz appeared as Bloom's protégé Philip Gorman, 
>>> leaking national security secrets to his mentor during the Bush Sr. war against Iraq.
>>> Strauss hovered around the novel as Bloom's mentor and guru Professor Davarr.
>>> Strauss/Davarr is really the eminence grise of Ravelstein. With 
>>> friends like Bellow, Bloom did not need enemies. On the basis of 
>>> Ravelstein alone, Wolfowitz warranted criminal investigation by the F.B.I.
>>> 
>>> Immediately after the Bush Jr. administrations wanton aggression 
>>> against Iraq, the University of Chicago chose the occasion to 
>>> officially celebrate its Straussian Neo-Con cabal responsible therefore, highlighting Wolfowitz Ph.D.
>>> '72, Ahmad Chalabi, Ph.D. '69 (the CIA's Iraqi puppet), Abram 
>>> Shulsky, A.M. '68, Ph.D. '72 (head of the Pentagon's special "intelligence"
>>> unit), Zalmay Khalilzad, Ph.D. '79 (Bush Jr.'s roving pro-consul for 
>>> Afghanistan and then Iraq), as well as faculty members Bellow, X 
>>> '39, and Bloom, A.B. '49, A.M. '53, Ph.D. '55, together with Strauss.
>>> According to the June 2003 University of Chicago Magazine, Bloom's 
>>> rant "helped popularize Straussian ideals of democracy." It is 
>>> correct to assert that Bloom's book helped to popularize Straussian "ideas,"
>>> but they were blatantly anti-democratic, Machiavellian, Hobbist, 
>>> Nietzschean, and elitist to begin with. Only the University of 
>>> Chicago would have the unmitigated Orwellian gall to publicly assert 
>>> that Strauss and Bloom cared one whit about democracy, let alone comprehended the "ideals of democracy."
>>> 
>>> Does anyone seriously believe that a pro-Israeli 
>>> Chicago/Strauss/Bloom product such as Wolfowitz could care less 
>>> about democracy in the United States let alone in Iraq? Or for that 
>>> matter anyone in the Bush Jr. administration? After they stole the 
>>> 2000 presidential election from the American People in Florida and 
>>> before the Republican-controlled U.S. Supreme Court, some of whom 
>>> were/are Feddies? Justice Clarence Thomas is a Straussian to boot. 
>>> For eight years the Neo-Cons, Fundies, Feddies, and Con-Artists of the Bush Jr.
>>> administration did everything humanly possible to build an American 
>>> Police State. So far University of Chicago Constitutional Law 
>>> Teacher President Barack Obama has failed and refused to deconstruct 
>>> and dismantle their totalitarian handiwork. To the contrary, the 
>>> Obama administration has defended and justified in court almost every hideous atrocity that the Bush Jr. administration perpetrated on international law, human rights, civil rights, civil liberties, the U.S.
>>> Constitution, and the Bill of Rights.
>>> 
>>> At the behest of its Straussian Neo-Con Political Science 
>>> Department, in 1979 the entire University of Chicago went out of its 
>>> way to grant the "first Albert Pick Jr. Award for Outstanding 
>>> Contributions to International Understanding" to Robert McNamara, 
>>> who was personally responsible for exterminating 3 million 
>>> Vietnamese and 58,000 men of my generation. In other words, the 
>>> University of Chicago itself maliciously strove to rehabilitate one 
>>> of the greatest international war criminals in the post-World War II 
>>> era. History shall always record that the University of Chicago gratuitously honored Bob oeHalf-an-Eichmann McNamara.
>>> 
>>> Do not send your children to the University of Chicago where they 
>>> will grow up to become warmongers like Wolfowitz and totalitarians 
>>> like Ashcroft! The University of Chicago is an intellectual and moral cesspool. As J.D.
>>> Rockefeller, the Original Robber Baron and Funder of the University 
>>> of Chicago once commented about his progeny: oeIts the best 
>>> investment I ever made. Still is…
>>> 
>>> ###
>> 
> 



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